Table 3.
Exemplary cytokines and mediators in diabetic retinopathy
| Cytokines or mediators | Experimental model | Inference | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 26 cytokines (IL-8, IL-15, IL-16, VEGF, CRP, SAA, and ICAM1) | Vitreous humor samples of patients undergoing vitrectomy | Novel cytokines such as IL-15 and IL-16 found associated with proliferative DR | Loporchio et al., 2021 |
| NO, TNF-α, and hsCRP | Human samples | Suggestive factors of DR | Khaloo et al., 2020 |
| VEGF, TNF-α, and CRP | Human samples | Risk factors and biomarkers have possible relationship responsible for DR | Mathala et al., 2020 |
| Angiopoietin-like 3 and 4, CRP, VEGF, ICAM-1 | Serum samples of human patients | Association of Angiopoietin-like 3 with the progression of DR. | Yu et al., 2018 |
| IFN-γ, IL-1α/β/3/10, RANTES & MCP-2 | Human patients | Considered as retinal neuroinflammatory biomarkers | Vujosevic and Toma, 2018 |
| IL-1β , IL-2/4/5/6/10, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and VEGF | Human patients | Increased aqueous concentrations of cytokines with DR severity | Wu et al., 2017 |
| 19 cytokines (sCD40L, GM-CSF, IFNα2, IL-12p40, MCP-3, and VEGF) | Human patients undergoing vitrectomy | 16 cytokines are predictors of disease risk | Bromberg-White et al., 2013 |
| IL-1α/β/Ra, IL-2 to IL-10, IL-12/13/15/17, IP-10, MCP-1/3, TGF-α, TNF-α/β, & VEGF | Human patients | TNF-α is involved in the progression of DR stages. | Hang et al., 2014 |
| Fetuin-A levels, VEGF, and CRP | Serum samples of human patients | Positive correlation between Fetuin-A levels and VEGF and CRP in DR patients with T2DM | Zhou et al., 2016 |
| Chemerin, VEGF, and CRP | Serum samples of human patients | Chemerin levels are directly associated with the severity of DR | Du et al., 2016 |
CRP: C-reactive protein; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; hsCRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; ICAM1: intra-cellular adhesion molecule 1; IFN-γ: interferon gamma; IP-10: inducible protein-10; MCP-1: monocyte chemoattractant protein-1; NO: nitric oxide; RANTES: regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted; SAA: serum amyloid A; sCD40L: soluble CD40-ligand; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; TGF-α: transforming growth factor alpha; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor.