Table 1.
Basic characteristics of study participants
| Cases (n=45,744) | Sibling Controls (n=93,307) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age, year, mean (SD) | 60.6 (11.8) | 60.8 (11.8) |
| <50 years | 7,884 (17.2) | 15,837 (17.0) |
| ≥50, <60 years | 9,047 (19.8) | 22,007 (23.6) |
| ≥60, <70 years | 18,330 (40.1) | 34,300 (36.8) |
| ≥70 years | 10,483 (22.9) | 21,163 (22.7) |
| Women, n (%) | 23,564 (51.5) | 45,851 (49.1) |
| Birth year, mean (SD) | 1951 (12) | 1951 (12) |
| Year of diagnosis, n (%) | ||
| 2006–2007 | 4,481 (9.8) | - |
| 2008–2010 | 12,316 (26.9) | - |
| 2011–2013 | 14,050 (30.7) | - |
| ≥2014 | 14,897 (32.6) | - |
| Total number of prior clinic visit, mean (SD) | 15.5 (16.3) | 8.8 (12.9) |
| Antibiotics dispensations, n (%) | ||
| No | 16,860 (36.9) | 40,085 (43.0) |
| 1 | 8,094 (17.7) | 17,583 (18.8) |
| 2 | 5,629 (12.3) | 10,970 (11.8) |
| 3–5 | 8,563 (18.7) | 14,719 (15.8) |
| ≥6 | 6,598 (14.4) | 9,950 (10.7) |
| Use of narrow-spectrum antibiotics, n (%) | 23,465 (51.3) | 43,453 (46.6) |
| Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, n (%) | 19,094 (41.7) | 31,788 (34.1) |
| Use of anti-aerobic antibiotics, n (%) | 28,437 (62.2) | 52,267 (56.0) |
| Use of anti-anaerobic antibiotics, n (%) | 4,330 (9.5) | 7,382 (7.9) |
| Use of antibiotics by class, n (%) | ||
| Penicillin | 22,414 (49.0) | 41,419 (44.4) |
| Tetracyclines | 11,670 (25.5) | 18,578 (19.9) |
| Quinolones | 6,701 (14.7) | 10,672 (11.4) |
| Macrolides | 5,262 (11.5) | 8,700 (9.3) |
| Sulfonamides and trimethoprim | 3,854 (8.4) | 6,278 (6.7) |
| Cephalosporins and other non-penicillin beta-lactams | 2,680 (5.9) | 4,586 (4.9) |
| Other classes | 2,959 (6.5) | 5,124 (5.5) |
| Charlson comorbidity score, mean (SD)* | 0.8 (1.1) | 0.5 (1.0) |
| Individual comorbidity, n (%)* | ||
| Myocardial Infarction | 1,967 (4.3) | 3,883 (4.2) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 1,347 (2.9) | 2,114 (2.3) |
| Peripheral Vascular Disease | 1,198 (2.6) | 1,275 (1.4) |
| Cerebrovascular Disease | 2,655 (5.8) | 4,791 (5.1) |
| Dementia | 137 (0.3) | 402 (0.4) |
| Chronic Pulmonary Disease | 4,246 (9.3) | 5,208 (5.6) |
| Connective Tissue Disease-Rheumatic Disease | 1,355 (3.0) | 1,205 (1.3) |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease | 1,352 (3.0) | 1,224 (1.3) |
| Mild Liver Disease | 852 (1.9) | 1,012 (1.1) |
| Diabetes without complications | 3,092 (6.8) | 3,608 (3.9) |
| Diabetes with complications | 1,099 (2.4) | 724 (0.8) |
| Paraplegia and Hemiplegia | 264 (0.6) | 467 (0.5) |
| Renal Disease | 714 (1.6) | 782 (0.8) |
| Cancer | 14,006 (30.6) | 18,690 (20.0) |
| Moderate or Severe Liver Disease | 259 (0.6) | 339 (0.4) |
| Metastatic Carcinoma | 428 (0.9) | 1,870 (2.0) |
| AIDS/HIV | 34 (0.1) | 51 (0.1) |
*
The complete list of ICD codes for comorbidities is presented in Supplementary Table 2.