Table 1.

Considerations for glycemic targets in patients with diabetes and CKD^64,65

ADA HbA1c targets	Personalized patient selection	KDIGO HbA1c targets	Personalized patient selection	Testing frequency
<8%	•Advanced CKD •Elderly, frail, high comorbidity burden, high risk of hypoglycemia, limited life expectancy	7%–8%	•Patients with advanced CKD, high comorbidity burden, high risk of hypoglycemia, limited life expectancy	•If HbA1c not reliable/accurate, consider GMI or alternative glycemic control markers
<7%	•Goal for most adults, nonpregnant	∼7%	•Most patients with CKD to prevent progression, while avoiding hypoglycemia	•Two to four times per year, if not controlled •GMI and CGM metrics may provide a more comprehensive glycemic excursion evaluation, particularly short-term (after an episode of hypoglycemia or after therapy adjustment)
<6.5%	•For most adults, if therapy not associated with hypoglycemia or other complications

ADA, American Diabetes Association; CGM, continuous glucose monitoring; CKD, chronic kidney disease; GMI, glucose management indicator; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; KDIGO, Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes.