Table 3.
NP-based PDT studies.a
| Main function of the NPs | NPs | PSs | Light source | In vitro anti-cancer effect | Particles injection dosage of in vivo anti-cancer study | In vivo anti-cancer effect | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delivery carriers | Quinolinium conjugate (PQC)-based fiber-forming nanoPSs (PQC NF) | Pheophorbride A |
In vitro: 633-nm LED array In vivo: 680 nm laser |
OSC-3 cells IC50: 0.12 μM |
1 mM (10 nmol per 50 mm3 tumor size) | OSC-3 tumor: The laser-treated PQC NFs exhibited the best antitumor efficiency, which achieved a 100% complete cure rate. |
[173] |
| Delivery carriers | PFH@PEG-F54-BODIPY | Boron dipyrromethene amphiphile (BODIPY) | In vitro and in vivo: 660 nm | A375 cells >50% tumor cells were killed |
BODIPY dose: 2 μmol/kg | A375 melanoma tumor: exhibited much slower tumor growth and 70% of mice survived 40 days |
[174] |
| Delivery carriers | O2@PFOB@PGL | Porphyrin | In vitro and in vivo: 650 nm | HT-29 cells IC50: 0.011 ± 0.003 μM |
200 μL (2 mg/mL) | HT-29 tumor: complete tumor elimination at the 26th day post treatment | [144] |
| Delivery carriers | SWCNTs-HA-Ce6 | Ce6 | In vitro: 660 nm | Caco-2 cells cell death ∼85% at 10 J/cm2 cell death 77% at 5 J/cm2 |
N/A | N/A | [175] |
| Delivery carriers | Amphipathic chimeric peptide-based spherical micelles | PpIX | In vitro and in vivo: 630 nm | 4T1 cells COS7 cells Over half of 4T1 cells were found at the stage of early apoptosis or late apoptosis after irradiation for 30 s. An obvious phototoxicity against COS7 cells in an irradiation time-dependent manner |
200 μL (1.2 mg/mL) | 4T1 tumor: the tumor of the mice was obviously suppressed | [176] |
| Delivery carriers | @E7-ICG-BSA nanovaccines | ICG | In vitro and in vivo: 808 nm | bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) induced-maturation |
100 μL (1 mg/mL) | Tc-1 cervical tumor significant inhibition of tumorigenesis, with smaller tumor sizes and tumor growth was effectively delayed. | [177] |
| Delivery carriers | ICG-NBs-O2 | ICG | In vitro and in vivo: 808 nm | Cal27 cells significant cell killing ability | 80 μL (equivalent ICG concentration: 0.1 mg/mL) | Cal27 tumor: The relative tumor volume gradually decreased to 0.56 of the initial tumor size |
[141] |
| Delivery carriers | URG | PpIX | In vitro and in vivo: 532 nm | B16–F10 cells apoptosis rate: ∼55% and cell viability:∼18% | equivalent ALA at 20 mg/kg | B16–F10 tumor: the strongest inhibition of tumor growth, nearly 80% regression of tumors, and the most severe DNA damage, most severe damage to the tumor cells and the strongest apoptotic nuclear signals |
[138] |
| Delivery carriers | Ce6-Pdots | Ce6 | In vitro and in vivo: 520 nm | SCG-7901 cells almost all the cells were killed even with low concentration: 10 μg/mL and low light dose: 60 J/cm2 | Intravenous injection: 100 μL (100 μg/mL) Intratumoral injection low dose: 100 μL (50 μg/mL) Intratumoral injection high dose: 100 μL (100 μg/mL) |
SCG-7901 tumor: the tumor growth in all the PDT treatment groups were obviously lower than the control group and the tumor growth rate in intratumoral injection high-dose group was the lowest. | |
| Delivery carriers | Self-degradable conjugated polymer/F127 NPs | TPA-yne | In vitro and in vivo: white light | Hela and 4T1 cells the Hela cell viability: ∼20% without pre-irradiation the 4T1 cell viability: lower than 20% without pre-irradiation |
200 μg/mL (25 μL per 50 mm3 tumor) | 4T1 tumor The tumor volume in PDT group was almost steady and even diminished at the end and the H&E staining showed the tissue recovery only in PDT group |
|
| TME-responsive NPs (H2O2-responsive) | Mn3[Co(CN)6]2 | Ce6 | In vitro and in vivo: 671 nm | 4T1 cells Nearly 90% cancer cells were killed under hypoxic condition |
100 μL (at a Ce6 concentration: 4 mg/kg) | 4T1 tumor remarkable tumor suppression and average weight of tumor tissues was the lowest, at only 0.19 g | [150] |
| TME-responsive NPs (H2O2-responsive) | Ce6/Ftn@MnO2 | Ce6 | In vitro and in vivo: 660 nm | 4T1 cells Cell proliferation was reduced to 3% at the high concentration |
200 μL (20 mg/mL) | 4T1 tumor: an evident tumor inhibition | [149] |
| TME-responsive NPs (H2O2-responsive) | BSA-MBPB | MB | In vitro and in vivo: 633 nm | HepG2 cells Cell viability was inhibited down to 37% |
100 μL (50 μg/mL) | HepG2 tumor: the tumor volume shrunk persistently, and the tumor growth was almost completely inhibited after treatment for 18 days | [158] |
| TME-responsive NPs (H2O2-responsive) | PS-Pd@Pt nanosystem (Pd@Pt-PEG-Ce6) | Ce6 | In vitro and in vivo: 808 nm (PTT) and 660 nm (PDT) | 4T1 cells The phototoxicity of Pd@Pt-PEG-Ce6 was higher since Ce6 loaded on Pd@Pt-PEG could be ingested more by cells by 660 nm laser only and significant cell death by 808 nm laser and 660 nm laser |
200 μL (1 mg/mL) | 4T1 tumor: noticeable tumor growth inhibition in 12 d by 660 nm laser only and 808 and 660 nm laser irradiation group resulted in the most effective tumor growth inhibition and the tumors could be completely eliminated at the 6th day post injection | [178] |
| TME-responsive NPs (H2O2-responsive) | Hollow MnO2/DOX/BPQDs | black phosphorus QDs (BPQDs) |
In vitro and in vivo: 808 nm (PTT) and 630 nm (PDT) | HepG2 cells the cell viability: ∼54% by 630 nm laser and the cell viability: ∼29% by 630 nm laser and 808 nm laser |
200 μL (MnO2:10 mg/kg; DOX: 4.5 mg/kg; BPQDs:10 mg/kg) | HepG2 tumor: more obvious inhibitory effect of tumor, the smallest tumor size and weight, and tumor slices exhibited the maximum necrosis by 630 nm laser and 808 nm laser | [179] |
| TME-responsive NPs (H2O2-responsive) | Hollow-MnO2-PEG/Ce6&DOX | Ce6 | In vitro and in vivo: 660 nm | 4T1 cells the most effective in killing cancer cells by PDT-based synergistic therapy | 200 μL (MnO2:10 mg/kg; SiO2: 25 mg/kg; Ce6:4.7 mg/kg; DOX: 4.5 mg/kg) | 4T1 tumor: significant tumor growth-inhibition effect, the slowest growth speed and smallest volumes | [180] |
| TME-responsive NPs (H2O2-responsive) | IrP-losartan@V2O5 | IrPVP | In vitro and in vivo: 635 nm | H22 cells IC50: 17.53 μg/mL under normoxic and IC50: 18.19 μg/mL under hypoxic conditions |
Three times each time: IrPVP: 60 mg/kg; V2O5: 5 mg/kg; losartan: 8 mg/kg | H22 tumor significant tumor inhibition by PDT the best tumor inhibition effect by fractionated PDT |
[181] |
| TME-responsive NPs (reduce oxygen consumption) | Zr- MOF@PPa/AF@PEG | Pyropheophorbide-a (PPa) | In vitro and in vivo: 670 ± 10 nm | HepG-2 cells Inhibition rate reached 98% |
100 μL (equivalent PPa concentration: 0.8 mg/mL) | 4T1 tumor: implanted tumors were atrophied and scabby | [182] |
| TME-responsive NPs (reduce oxygen consumption) | ATO and ICG-BSA loaded Gel NPs (Ato-ICGGNPs) | ICG | In vitro and in vivo: 808 nm | Hela cells Specifically, populations of cells undergoing late stage-apoptosis increased by 143.7-fold for Ato-ICG-GNPs |
100 μL (ATO: 330.15 μg/mL; ICG: 37.44 μg/mL) | Hela tumor Persistent regression of tumor and the tumor was eliminated entirely after four times of PDT treatments |
[183] |
| TME-responsive NPs (reduce oxygen consumption) | ATO/VER/PLGA-PEG | VER |
In vitro:635 nm In vivo:685 nm |
4T1 cells High lethality under hypoxic conditions |
200 μL (VER: 1 mg/mL; ATO: 0.57 mg/mL) | 4T1 tumors: complete elimination after treatment | [152] |
| TME-responsive NPs (reduce oxygen consumption) | MCGPD ∼ RGN | Ce6 | In vitro and in vivo: 808 nm (PTT) and 660 nm (PDT) | MCF-7 cells cell viability: ∼26% under normoxia conditions, while the cell viabilities: ∼38% under hypoxia conditions |
2 mg/kg (equivalent Ce6 content) | Breast tumor satisfactory antitumor effect when combining chemo-/PDT/PTT by 808 nm laser and 660 nm laser | [151] |
| TME-responsive NPs (reduce oxygen consumption) | TA-MSN@(α-TOS/ICG)-TPP | ICG | In vitro and in vivo: 808 nm | MCF-7 PDT group induced highly ∼84% of cell death and under hypoxic condition, still the highest lethality by 808 nm laser |
2 mg/kg (α-TOS: 200 μg/kg; ICG: 100 μg/kg) | MCF-7 tumor: the tumor was gradually shrunken and even eliminated | [184] |
| TME-responsive NPs (reduce oxygen consumption) | DOX/Met/BSA-HA-Carbon dots(CDs) | CDs | In vitro and in vivo: 532 nm | MCF-7 cells and MCF-7/ADR cells the most effective therapeutic efficacy by PDT-based synergistic therapy | DOX: 5 mg/kg; Met: 15 mg/kg | S180 tumor: the best effective tumor growth inhibition efficacy by PDT-based synergistic therapy | [185] |
| TME-responsive NPs (reduce oxygen consumption) | PM-W18O49-Met | W18O49 | In vitro and in vivo: 808 nm | Raji cells the lowest detected viability and the highest apoptosis rate | W18O49: 50 mg/kg; Met: 16 mg/kg | Raji lymphoma: dramatically decrease of the tumor volume and the largest necrosis and the fewest nuclei in tumor tissues |
[186] |
| TME-responsive NPs (GSH-responsive) | PEG-terminated ZnTPPC6-based poly disulfide ester (PEG-b-PTPPDS-b-PEG) | Porphyrin | Light emitting diodes (LEDs) lamp | A549 cells IC50: 2.11 μg/mL |
N/A | N/A | [187] |
| TME-responsive NPs (GSH-responsive) | Cu-Try/MB | MB | In vitro and in vivo: 650 nm | Hela cells the cell death rate reached 71% | 200 μL (80 μg/mL) | U14 tumor: effectively control tumor growth | [153] |
| TME-responsive NPs (GSH/H2O2-dual responsive) | COF–Au–MnO2-HA | COF–Au–MnO2 | In vitro and in vivo: 650 nm | 4T1 cells mortality rate of was almost 80% | 100 μL (1 mg/mL) | 4T1 tumor: best antitumor efficacy | [188] |
| Light excitation-enhanced (UCNPs) | UCNPs@G4/Ce6/CAT-CTPP | Ce6 | In vitro and in vivo: 980 nm | 4T1 cells cell viability significantly lower | 200 μL | 4T1 tumor: obviously slower tumor growth and the most prominent tumor inhibition effect |
[168] |
| Light excitation-enhanced (UCNPs) | DHyCUB | daunorubicin(DNR) | In vitro:980 nm | SKOV-3 cells cell viability: 25% MeWo cells cell viability: 58% |
N/A | N/A | [189] |
| Light excitation-enhanced (UCNPs) | UR-Cyan | rose Bengal (RB) | In vitro and in vivo: 980 nm | 4T1 cells Major population tumor cells were killed. |
RB: 566 μg/mL; cyanobacteria: 7.2 × 108 cell/mL | 4T1 tumor: almost completely eradicated tumor xenografts in 5 days, overall tumor inhibition rate: ∼113%, the instant relative tumor inhibition: ∼198% on day 3 | [190] |
| Light excitation-enhanced persistent-luminescence (PL) | CaAl2O4:Eu,Nd-PEG (CAP)+cyanobacteria-VER (Cb-VER) | VER | In vitro and in vivo: UV pre-excitation and white LED light re-irradiation | 4T1 cells 60% cells death, early apoptosis:∼27% and later apoptosis: ∼39% |
50 μL (CAP: 5 mg/mL)+50 μL (Cb: 5 × 107 cell/mL; Vp: 0.5 mg/mL) | 4T1 tumor: the distinct inhibition rate: ∼93% |
[191] |
| Light excitation-enhanced (PL) | CAOPLNSs | VER | In vitro and in vivo: UV pre-excitation and white LED light re-irradiation | 4T1 cells the lethality: 91%, cell viability: ∼11% |
50 μL (5 mg/mL) | 4T1 tumor: Significant suppression of tumor growth and high antineoplastic effects, the distinct inhibition rate: 96% |
[172] |
| Light excitation-enhanced(two photon) | PNPs | PT2 | In vitro and in vivo: 800 nm two-photon femtosecond pluse laser | Hela cells cell mortality rate: ∼80% | 100 μL (500 μg/mL) | Hela tumor: evident tumor growth inhibition and no apparent tumor growth | [171] |
a
Abbreviations: 5-(4-(6-hydroxyhexyl) phenyl)-10,15,20-triphenylporphyrin (TPPC6-OH), 54 fluorine-19 (F54), perfluorohexane (PFH or PFC), porphyrin grafted lipids (PGL), single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), Human papillomavirus oncogenic protein (E7), trimethylammonium (TA), α-tocopherol succinate (TOS), mesoporous silica NPs (MSN), hollow mesoporous silica NPs (HMSNs), bis[2,4,5-trichloro-6-(pentyloxycarbonyl)phenyl] oxalate (CPPO), glucose oxidase (GOx), iridium(III) complex conjugated with hydrophilic poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (IrPVP), platelet membranes (PM), hybrid cubosomes loaded with up-converting NPs and daunorubicin (DHyCUB), human melanoma granular fibroblasts (MeWo), RB-encapsulated UCNPs onto cyanobacterial (UR-Cyan), polythiophene quaternary ammonium salt (PT2).