Table 7.

NP-based combined PTT/PDT/RT.

Type of NPs	Payload	PTT/PDT	In vitro anti-cancer effect	Particles injection dosage of in vivo anti-cancer study	In vivo anti-cancer effect	Reference
Silica-coated bismuth NPs	H2O2-responsive N-benzylaminoferrocene-based prodrug	PTT	Photo- and H2O2-induced GSH-depletion and apoptosis	50 μL (in terms of bismuth NPs: 2 mg/mL)	PTT-induced hypoxia alleviation. Sequential PTT and RT inhibited 4T1 tumor growth	[277]
Liposomal iridium nanocrystals	N/A	PTT	RT-induced DNA damage on 4T1 cells	6 mg/kg (equivalent Iridium content)	PAI, and inhibited 4T1 tumor growth by RT + PTT	[278]
2D silicene nanosheets decorated by Pt and lipids	N/A	PTT	Oxygenation of 4T1 cells catalyzed by Pt. Combined PTT and RT induced cell death.	15 mg/kg	4T1 tumor hypoxia alleviation and tumor growth inhibition	[281]
Cu3BiSe3 NPs modified by poly(vinylpyrollidone)	N/A	PTT	ROS generation and Hela cell killing effects	25 μL (4 mg/mL)	Inhibited Hela tumor growth and metastasis	[282]
Bi2Se3 hollow nanocubes modified by HA	Gambogic acid	PTT	4T1 cell HSP expression inhibition after PTT, and cell killing effects	100 μL (5 mg/mL)	4T1 tumor inhibition by mild hyperthermia (∼45 °C) + RT	[288]
PEG-modified nanoscintillator composed of Gd2(WO4)3:Tb NPs	Merocyanine 540	PDT	Apoptosis of 4T1	30 μL (7.5 mg/mL)	Dual-modal CT/MRI imaging and 4T1 tumor growth inhibition	[292]
Lipids coated Hf-incorporated AIE photosensitizer NP	N/A	PDT	Bioorthogonal coupling of NPs on 4T1 cell membrane followed by X-ray irradiation	25 μL (tetraacetylated N-azidoacetylmannosamine: 0.08 mg)+ 6 mg/kg (equivalent Hf content)	In vivo targeting by bioorthogonal click chemistry and 4T1 tumor growth inhibition	[294]
RBCM-coated Algae	Chlorophyll	PDT	Intracellular oxygen level increase and 4T1 cell killing by RT + laser irradiation	150 μL (1 × 106 RBCM-Algae/mL)	4T1 tumor inhibition by ROS generation. HIF-α and VEGF expression decrease.	[296]
MOFs, based containing Hf or Ru	N/A	PDT	Mitochondria targeting and apoptosis of MC38 cells	0.2 μmol (equivalent dose of [DBB-Ru bis (2,2′-bipyridine)(5,5′-di(4-benzoato)-2,2′-bipyridine)Ru (II) chloride])	MC38 tumor growth inhibition	[302]
MOFs, based on Hf clusters and porphyrin ligands	A small-molecule IDO inhibitor	PDT	Intracellular 1O2 generation and cell growth inhibition	0.11 mg	Ultra-low X-ray irradiation (0.5 Gy, 3 daily doses), eliminated tumor efficiently on CT26, U87MG and TUBO models	[306]