TABLE 7.

Mixed-effects models^a to determine relationships between demographics and barrier scores

Independent variables	Dependent variables
	Technical resources	Instructor organization	Social interactions	Personal engagement	Learning environment
Demographicsb	Estimate ± SEc
Gender (reference: female)
Male	−0.091 ± 0.059	0.00 ± 0.05	0.00 ± 0.10	−0.10 ± 0.06	0.05 ± 0.08
Self-described	−0.399 ± 0.881	−1.00 ± 0.73	−0.27 ± 1.41	−1.19 ± 0.92	−1.62 ± 1.11
Race/ethnicity (reference: non-URM)
URMe	0.024 ± 0.080	0.15 ± 0.07	−0.26 ± 0.13	0.19 ± 0.08	0.21 ± 0.10
Self-describe	0.012 ± 0.298	−0.10 ± 0.25	0.19 ± 0.48	0.19 ± 0.31	0.39 ± 0.38
Class rank (reference: first-year)
Sophomore	−0.241 ± 0.212	0.01 ± 0.18	0.91 ± 0.34	0.15 ± 0.22	0.08 ± 0.27
Junior	−0.149 ± 0.214	−0.05 ± 0.18	0.60 ± 0.35	0.08 ± 0.22	−0.03 ± 0.27
Senior	−0.178 ± 0.217	0.09 ± 0.18	0.75 ± 0.35	0.01 ± 0.23	0.08 ± 0.28
Postbaccalaureate	−0.171 ± 0.227	−0.07 ± 0.19	0.55 ± 0.37	0.00 ± 0.24	−0.04 ± 0.29
Graduate student	−0.014 ± 0.262	0.10 ± 0.22	0.06 ± 0.42	0.05 ± 0.28	0.31 ± 0.33
Other	0.053 ± 0.395	−0.16 ± 0.33	−0.01 ± 0.64	0.48 ± 0.42	−0.28 ± 0.50
First-generation status (reference: not first-generation)
First generation	−0.038 ± 0.057	0.01 ± 0.05	0.04 ± 0.09	−0.15 ± 0.06	0.07 ± 0.07
Language (reference: English)
Non-English	−0.470 ± 0.091	−0.28 ± 0.08	0.17 ± 0.15	−0.32 ± 0.10	−0.14 ± 0.12
Career (reference: life sciences)
Non–life sciences	−0.100 ± 0.061	−0.02 ± 0.05	−0.01 ± 0.10	−0.13 ± 0.07	−0.06 ± 0.08
Institution type (reference: 4-year)
2-year	−0.026 ± 0.075	0.41 ± 0.17	0.08 ± 0.35	0.19 ± 0.20	0.31 ± 0.15

^aBarrier category score ∼ gender + race/ethnicity + class rank + first-generation status + language + career +institution type. Instructor = random effect. Predictors were included in separate models for each barrier category. Significant relationships (p < 0.05) are in bold.

^bReference categories were selected based on the group with the most students.

^cEstimates indicate the effect based on being a member of the focal group in comparison to the reference group.

^dThose who self-described their gender all identified as nonbinary.

^eUnderrepresented racial/ethnic groups included participants who self-identified as African American/Black, Hispanic/Latinx, Native American/Alaska Native, or Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander.