TABLE 3.

Codes for the perceived barriers to attending office hours^a

Code name	Description: Did not attend office hours because they…	Percent of student codes	Percent of instructor codes
No questions	Had no questions to ask or felt like they fully understood the course material	41.4%	31.1%
Schedule conflict	Had activities or other commitments at the same time as office hours	40.9%	16.4%
Alternatives	Received help through other means outside of office hours (e.g., reaching out to friends or attending supplemental instruction sessions)	11.7%	3.3%
Intimidated	Had negative feelings of office hours, e.g., were too nervous to attend office hours, perceived them as scary, or identified a social stigma surrounding attending office hours	10.9%	18.0%
Busyness	Were too busy or overwhelmed to attend office hours (but did not state a specific time conflict with office hours)	8.2%	Not cited by instructors
No benefit/underestimating benefits	Did not perceive an advantage for attending office hours	6.3%	1.6%
Lack of effort	Did not try to attend office hours, including citing their own laziness or lack of motivation	6.3%	26.2%
Logistics	Had various structural barriers that prevented them from attending office hours, including if they noted that they did not know the schedule or could not find the location	4.9%	Not cited by instructors
Previous negative experiences	Had attended office hours previously and had a bad interaction or experience	4.1%	3.3%
Online	Did not like having office hours online, including citing Zoom fatigue	4.1%	Not cited by instructors

^aResponses are provided for both students and instructors; several categories were only cited by students.