TABLE 1.

Assessment questions analyzed in this paper

Question or challenge statement	Response format
If asked by another student in your major,a how would you respond to the following question … How does a vaccine work?	Open-ended response
Please circle YES or NO in response to the following … I have taken one or more courses where I learned about how vaccines work.	Yes/No
Please circle YES or NO in response to the following … I am confident in my understanding of how vaccines work.	Yes/No

^aFor faculty, the phrase “a professional colleague” was substituted for “another student in your major.”