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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 7.
Published in final edited form as: J Commun Disord. 2022 Oct 29;100:106274. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2022.106274

Table 2.

JSPEO ratings across high and low active listening conditions.

High activelistening Low active listening
Item M SD M SD t p Cohen’s d
Understands perspective 4.76 1.85 3.51 1.96
Asks about daily life 3.27 2.07 2.86 1.93
Exhibits concern 4.29 1.88 3.31 1.93
Understands feelings 4.24 1.73 3.10 1.98
Understanding healthcare provider 4.16 1.80 3.31 1.96
Total score 20.73 7.90 16.10 8.95 3.56 0.001 0.548 (medium)

Note. JSPEO = Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy for Observers. Thomas Jefferson University, 2001. Permission to modify this scale for research was obtained from Thomas Jefferson University. All rights reserved. The wording presented above is paraphrased and is not the precise wording on the JSPEO. Effect size was interpreted according to Cohen’s d (Cohen, 1988).