Table 3.

Wilcoxon signed rank test item-level differences on the CASES-M in high and low active listening conditions for n = 51 parents of children who stutter.

	High frequencyactive listening			Low frequencyactive listening
CASES-M Item	Median	Mean	SD	Median	Mean	SD	p-value	Effect Size r
1. The clinician attended (oriented herself physically toward the caregiver).	4	3.75	1.28	3	3.33	1.45	0.083	0.243 (small)
2. The clinician listened (captured and understood the message that the caregiver communicated).	4	3.75	1.27	3	3.20	1.30	0.021	0.323 (medium)
3. The clinician restated (repeated or rephrased what the caregiver said in a way that was succinct, concrete, and clear).	4	3.71	1.30	1	1.27	0.83	<0.000*	0.792 (large)
4. The clinician asked open questions (questions to help the caregiver clarify or explore their thoughts and feelings).	3	2.71	1.62	1	1.84	1.38	0.001*	0.453 (medium)
5. The clinician reflected feelings (repeated or rephrased the caregivers’ statements with an emphasis on their feelings).	3	2.96	1.51	1	1.24	0.76	<0.000*	0.682 (large)
6. The clinician revealed personal information about their history, credentials, or feelings.	1	1.14	0.72	1	1.10	0.46	0.832	0.029
7. The clinician used silence (to allow the caregiver to get in touch with thoughts and feelings).	4	3.67	1.31	3	3.06	1.53	0.001*	.466 (medium)
8. The clinician pointed out discrepancies in the caregiver’s response.	1	1.10	0.67	1	1.04	0.49	0.793	0.037
9. The clinician made interpretations (statements beyond what the caregiver overtly stated to give the caregiver a new way of looking at thoughts and feelings).	1	1.80	1.23	1	1.06	0.58	0.001*	0.453 (medium)
10. The clinician disclosed past experiences in which they had gained insight.	1	1.12	0.62	1	1.08	0.52	0.793	0.037
11. The clinician disclosed immediate feelings about the client, the therapeutic relationship, or themselves in relation to the caregiver.	1	1.14	0.69	1	1.10	0.50	.944	.010
12. The clinician gave information (taught or provided the caregiver with data, opinions, facts, resources, or answers to questions).	1	1.18	0.68	1	1.12	0.52	0.590	0.075
13. The clinician gave direct guidance (suggestions, directives, or advice that imply actions for the caregiver to take).	1	2.12	0.68	1	1.08	0.48	0.784	0.038
CASES-M Scale	2.23	2.24	0.66	1.62	1.65	0.51

^*Indicates significance at the Bonferroni-adjusted p-value .05/13 = 0.004.

Note. The CASES-M was adapted from Victorino and Hinkle (2018) with permission from the American Speech-Language Hearing Association. Effect sizes were interpreted according to Cohen’s r (Cohen, 1988; Pallant, 2011).