Table 1.

Sampling sites in this study

Location	Sample ID	Longitude (°E)	Latitude (°N)	Above sea water (m)	Sample type	Sampling method	T (°C)	Salinity (PSU)
Mount Everest	1806ZF6500I1	86.9364	28.0265	6500	Ice	Pre-clean ice axe	NA	NA
	1905ZF6280I1	86.9458	28.0380	6280	Ice	Pre-clean ice axe	NA	NA
	1905ZF6320I2	86.9459	28.0347	6320	Ice	Pre-clean ice axe	NA	NA
	1905ZF6360I3	86.9541	28.0323	6360	Ice	Pre-clean ice axe	NA	NA
	1905ZF6400I1	86.9566	28.0325	6400	Ice	Pre-clean ice axe	NA	NA
	1905ZF6400I2	86.9566	28.0325	6400	Ice	Pre-clean ice axe	NA	NA
	1905ZF6500I1	86.9642	28.0321	6500	Ice	Pre-clean ice axe	NA	NA
	1905ZF6675I1	86.9667	28.0328	6675	Ice	Pre-clean ice axe	NA	NA
	1905ZF6360S	86.9448	28.0342	6360	Snow	Sterile steel spoon	NA	NA
Mariana Trench	TY.041	142.2418	11.1440	− 8563	Water	Niskin Bottle	2.02	34.68
	TY.044	142.2624	11.0742	− 7344	Water	Niskin Bottle	1.80	34.70
	WQ.018	142.0764	11.2450	− 9659	Water	Niskin Bottle	2.22	34.70
	WQ.021	142.2172	11.3369	− 10,901	Water	Niskin Bottle	2.47	34.70
	WQ.022	142.1988	11.3334	− 10,875	Water	Niskin Bottle	2.46	34.70
	WQ.024	142.2114	11.3360	− 10,877	Water	Niskin Bottle	2.46	34.69
	YW.019	142.2068	11.3355	− 10,884	Water	Niskin Bottle	2.47	34.70
	YW.020	142.2151	11.3346	− 10,898	Water	Niskin Bottle	2.47	34.70
	YW.021	142.1791	11.3250	− 10,894	Water	Niskin Bottle	2.47	34.70
	YW.023	142.5955	11.3724	− 10,905	Water	Niskin Bottle	2.47	34.70
	GT04.1	142.2026	11.3316	− 10,925	Sediments	GravityCore	NA	NA
	GT04.2	142.2026	11.3316	− 10,925	Sediments	GravityCore	NA	NA
	GT04.3	142.2026	11.3316	− 10,925	Sediments	GravityCore	NA	NA
	GT04.4	142.2026	11.3316	− 10,925	Sediments	GravityCore	NA	NA
	TY.038	142.2031	11.3311	− 10,893	Sediments	BoxCore	NA	NA
	TY.042	142.2129	11.2547	− 10,109	Sediments	BoxCore	NA	NA