Table 1.
Included studies reporting equations for predicting overweight/obesity-associated comorbidities
| Study | Year | Country | Risk equation | Risk of developing | Risk predictors in the equation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahlin et al. [51] | 2019 | Italy | Population-based risk score | Obstructive sleep apnea | BMI, T2D, hypertension, age, sex, fasting glucose, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, hepatic steatosis |
| Alssema et al. [29] | 2012 | Netherlands | Single risk stratification tool | T2D, CVD (and/or chronic kidney diseasea) | BMI, hypertensionb, age, sex, waist circumference, smoking, family history of MI or stroke, family history of diabetes |
| Apold et al. [54] | 2014 | Norway | Cox proportional hazard model | Knee replacement | BMI, height, age, sex, physical activity, smoking |
| Borgeraas et al. [53] | 2014 | Norway | Cox proportional hazard model | Acute myocardial infarction | BMI, diabetes, age, gender, left ventricular ejection fraction, smoking, ACE inhibitors, loop diuretics, pulmonary disease, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, previous acute myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, serum creatinine levels, serum C-reactive protein, cholesterol, vitamin B6 or folate/B12, intervention status |
| Booth et al. [30] | 2014 | UK | Cox proportional hazard model | T2D | BMI, hypertensionb, coronary heart disease, age, sex, HbA1c, index year, stroke, previous diagnosis of depression, smoking, total cholesterol, blood pressure, statin use |
| Bruce [40] | 2015 | USA | Cox proportional hazard model | CVD | BMI, diabetes, age, race, education, smoking, alcohol use, statin use, aspirin use, beta-blocker use |
| Burns et al. [46] | 2019 | UK | Cox proportional hazard model | Cerebrovascular event | BMI, diabetes, hypertension, age, sex, smoking, previous MI, chronic pulmonary disease, previous cerebrovascular event, peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, left ventricular ejection fraction, redo-sternotomy, mitral valve replacement, perioperative return to the operating room (non-infectious), postoperative hemodialysis, postoperative cerebrovascular event, deep surgical wound infection |
| Chang et al. [41] | 2016 | UK | QRISK2 | CVD | BMI, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio, smoking, vascular disease (atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes), age, sex, ethnicity, family history of premature coronary artery disease, deprivation |
| Coles et al. [31] | 2020 | UK | Survival model | T2D | BMI, sleep apnea, hypertensionb, CVD, age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, family history of diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, schizophrenia or bipolar affective disorder, depression, learning disabilities, renal/kidney disease, gestational diabetes, statin use, corticosteroid use, aspirin use, second generation ‘atypical’ antipsychotics, HbA1c, pulse rate, serum cholesterol, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, liver function test, waist circumference, smoking, alcohol use |
| Costanzo et al. [42] | 2015 | UK | Cox regression model | CVD | BMI, age, sex, duration of diabetes, smoking, systolic blood pressure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, cancer, chronic kidney disease, previous CVD |
| de Boer et al. [43] | 2015 | Netherlands | SCORE-NL | CVD | BMI, diabetes, age, sex, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio, smoking, first-degree family history of CVD, physical activity, estimated glomerular filtration rate, poor metabolic control, albuminuria |
| Ding et al. [32] | 2015 | Australia | Logistic regression models | T2D | BMI, CVD, age, sex, country of birth, education, disadvantage, family history of high blood pressure, family history of heart disease, family history of T2D, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, psychological distress, daily sitting and sleeping time |
| Erridge et al. [52] | 2021 | UK | Logistic regression model | Obstructive sleep apnea | BMI, hypertension, T2D, hyperlipidemia, age, sex, bariatric surgery, smoking, gastroesophageal reflux disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, chronic renal disease, hypothyroidism, acromegaly, craniofacial/upper airway anomalies, benzodiazepine use |
| Ferket et al. [47] | 2014 | USA and Netherlands | Cox regression model | Intracerebral hemorrhage, ischemic stroke | BMI, hypertensionb, diabetes, coronary heart disease, age, sex, African American ethnicity, smoking, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein, waist-to-hip ratio, estimated glomerular filtration rate |
| Glogner et al. [56] | 2014 | Sweden | Cox regression model | Heart failure | BMI, T2D, CVD (or medication for MI, arterial fibrillation, or valve disease), hypertensionb, age, sex, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, HbA1c, smoking, microalbuminuria |
| Gray et al. [44] | 2014 | UK | QRISK2, Framingham Lipids, Framingham BMI, Joint British Societies 2 | CVD | BMI, hypertensionb, age, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, sex, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio, total cholesterol, triglycerides, family history of CVD, smoking, alcohol use, physical activity, psychological distress, daily sitting and sleeping time |
| Gray et al. [23] | 2015 | UK | Cambridge Risk Score, FINDRISC, Leicester Risk Assessment, QDiabetes | T2D | BMI, hypertensionb, age, ethnicity, sex, family history of diabetes, smoking, steroid treatment, deprivation, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intake, history of high blood glucose |
| Guasch Ferré et al. [33] | 2012 | Spain | Cox regression model | T2D | BMI, hypertension, smoking, family history of T2D, alcohol use, fasting plasma glucose |
| Hippisley-Cox et al. [48] | 2013 | UK | QStroke | Stroke, transient ischemic attack | BMI, hypertensionb, coronary heart disease, T2D, age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, atrial fibrillation, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein ratio, family history of coronary disease, deprivation, rheumatoid arthritis, chronic renal disease, type 1 diabetes, congestive cardiac failure, valvular heart disease |
| Jackson et al. [49] | 2012 | USA | Logistic regression model | MI, stoke, cardiac arrest | BMI, hypertension, diabetes, age, sex, race, smoking, alcohol use, transient ischemic attack, stroke, hemiplegia, central nervous system tumor, MI, previous percutaneous coronary intervention, previous cardiac surgery, angina, previous surgery for peripheral vascular disease, ventilator, disseminated cancer, preoperative open/infected wound, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pneumonia, dyspepsia, esophageal varices, steroid use, weight loss, systemic inflammatory response syndrome/sepsis, dependent |
| Joshy et al. [45] | 2014 | Australia | Cox regression model | CVD | BMI, hypertensionb, diabetes, age, sex, aspirin use, hypercholesterolemia, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, annual income, education, region of residence, health insurance |
| Ligthart et al. [34] | 2016 | Netherlands | Survival model | T2D | BMI, prediabetes, glucose tolerance, age |
| Mathur et al. [35] | 2012 | UK | QDScore | T2D | BMI, hypertensionb, CVD, age, sex, ethnicity, deprivation, family history of T2D, smoking, corticosteroid use, estimated glomerular filtrate |
| Mustafina et al. [36] | 2021 | Russia | Cox proportional hazard model | T2D | BMI, hypertension, dyslipidemia, CVD, age, sex, fasting plasma glucose, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, marital status, fruit and vegetable consumption, family history of T2D, physical activity |
| Phillips et al. [37] | 2013 | Ireland | Wilson, Balkau FINDRISC, Schulze Kahn Enhanced, Kahn Basic, Griffin | T2D | Varied (all include BMI) |
| Rauh et al. [38] | 2018 | Australia | Logistic regression model | T2D, CVD (and/or chronic kidney diseasea) | BMI, hypertensionb, age, sex, waist circumference, smoking, parent or sibling with MI or stroke, parent or sibling with diabetes |
| Wilkinson et al. [39] | 2020 | USA | Logistic regression model | T2D | BMI, hypertension, age, sex, race, systolic/diastolic blood pressure, high-density lipoproteins, triglycerides, waist circumference |
| Winter et al. [50] | 2016 | Germany | Logistic regression model | Stroke, transient ischemic attack | BMI, diabetes, dyslipidemia, arterial hypertension, age, sex, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, physical activity, smoking |
| Zhang et al. [55] | 2011 | UK | Logistic regression model | knee osteoarthritis | BMI, age, gender, occupational risk, previous knee injury, family history of knee osteoarthritis |
ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, BMI body mass index, CVD cardiovascular disease, FINDRISC Finnish Diabetes Risk Score, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, MI myocardial infarction, SLR systematic literature review, T2D type 2 diabetes
aComorbidity not in SLR scope
bAntihypertensive use