Table 4.

ROI concept perspectives

Type of QI outcome: ROI-like concepts	Stakeholder perspective	Dominant logic	Philosophical perspective
Organisational outcomes: Improvement, efficiency, productivity, effectiveness, profit, financial return, ROI, SROI, CBA, CEA, economic impact, cost saving, cost avoidance, cost reduction, market share, reputation, organisational development, performance (organisational), management (cost)	Managerial	Markets/ Economic	Realism
Patients, family, carer, and societal outcomes: improvements, value, benefits, impacts (SROI, CBA)	Managerial Patients Society	Medical Societal	Relativism/Interpretivism
Staff outcomes: improvements, value, benefits, impacts	Managerial Staff	Medical Societal	Relativism/Interpretivism