Fig. 1.
Effect of Lactobacillus sakei S1 on the expression of TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B), and IL-6 (C) in peritoneal macrophages, activated by LPS. 100 ng/ml LPS was used to treat the peritoneal macrophages (1 × 106 cells/well) in the presence or absence of L. sakei S1 (1 × 103, 1 × 104, and 1 × 105 CFU/well) for 20 h. ELISA was used to determine the levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in the culture supernatants. L. sakei S1 inactivated in boiling water bath for 30 min was employed. Enzyme activity values are represented as mean ± SD (n = 3). #Significantly different in comparison with the normal control (p < 0.05). *Significantly different in comparison with the LPS alone-treated group (p < 0.05).