The effect of Lactobacillus sakei S1 on the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α (A), IL-1β (B), and IL-6 (C), and anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (D) in TNBS-induced colitis in mice. TNBS, except in the normal control group, was intrarectally administered to mice and test agents [saline, L. sakei S1 (1 × 108 or 1 × 109 CFU/mouse), or sulfasalazine (SLZ; 50 mg/kg)] were orally administered for 3 days. The mice were anesthetized and sacrificed 20 h after the final administration of L. sakei S1. The cytokine levels in colon were measured by using ELISA. All values are represented as mean ± SD (n = 6). #Significantly different compared to the normal control group (p < 0.05). *Significantly different compared to the group treated with TNBS alone (p < 0.05).