Table 2.
Biotransformation of PPDGs to C-K by crude enzymes from food-available wild-type microorganisms.
Origin of enzyme | Microorganism | Substrate | C-K (mg/mL) | Molar conversion (%) | Productivity (mg/L/h) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Commercial enzyme | Aspergillus niger (Cytolase PCL5) | White ginseng extract | 2.1 | 69 | 26.9 | [14] |
Aspergillus niger (Pectinex) | Non-extracted raw rootlet ginseng | 1.0 | NC | 13.7 | [16] | |
Lactic acid bacteria | Bifidobacterium sp. Int57 | Rb1 | 0.5 | 97 | 11.3 | [25] |
Rb2 | 0.2 | 94 | 11.0 | |||
Rc | 0.4 | 77 | 9.2 | |||
Bifidobacterium sp. SJ32 | Rb1 | 0.5 | 94 | 11.0 | ||
Rb2 | 0.5 | 87 | 10.2 | |||
Rc | 0.4 | 48 | 7.3 | |||
Bifidobacterium minimum KK-1 | Rb1 | 0.003 | 5.4 | 0.1 | [17] | |
Rb2 | 0.004 | 6.4 | 0.2 | |||
Rc | 0.001 | 2.3 | 0.04 | |||
Ginseng extract | 0.007 | NC | 0.3 | |||
Bifidobacterium cholerium KK-2 | Rb1 | 0.0004 | 0.8 | 0.02 | ||
Rb2 | 0.0007 | 1.2 | 0.03 | |||
Rc | 0.0006 | 1.1 | 0.03 | |||
Ginseng extract | 0.004 | NC | 0.2 | |||
Leuconostoc lactis DC201 | Rb1 | 0.6 | 99 | 7.8 | [31] | |
Leuconostoc mesenterioides DC102 | Rb1 | 0.6 | 99 | 7.8 | [32] | |
Lactobacillus paralimentarius LH4 | Rb1 | 0.5 | 88 | 7.2 | [33] | |
Fungi | Armillaria mellea KACC 50013 | Rb1 | 0.1 | 100 | 5.8 | [23] |
Aspergillus niger KCTC 6906 | Rb1 | 0.5 | 96 | 11.3 | [25] | |
Rb2 | 0.05 | 9.7 | 1.0 | [26] | ||
Rc | 0.05 | 9.1 | 1.0 | |||
Aspergillus usamii var. shirousamii KCTC 6956 | Rb1 | 0.3 | 55.2 | 6.5 | [25] | |
Rb2 | 0.06 | 10.4 | 1.3 | [26] | ||
Rc | 0.3 | 52 | 6.1 | |||
Aspergillus niger KACC 46495 | Rb1 | 0.6 | 100 | 280 | This study | |
Rb2 | 0.5 | 94 | 22 | |||
Rc | 0.6 | 100 | 289 | |||
PPDKG | 2.8 | 80 | 313 |
NC, Not calculated.