Table 2.

Biotransformation of PPDGs to C-K by crude enzymes from food-available wild-type microorganisms.

Origin of enzyme	Microorganism	Substrate	C-K (mg/mL)	Molar conversion (%)	Productivity (mg/L/h)	Reference
Commercial enzyme	Aspergillus niger (Cytolase PCL5)	White ginseng extract	2.1	69	26.9	[14]
	Aspergillus niger (Pectinex)	Non-extracted raw rootlet ginseng	1.0	NC	13.7	[16]
Lactic acid bacteria	Bifidobacterium sp. Int57	Rb1	0.5	97	11.3	[25]
		Rb2	0.2	94	11.0
		Rc	0.4	77	9.2
	Bifidobacterium sp. SJ32	Rb1	0.5	94	11.0
		Rb2	0.5	87	10.2
		Rc	0.4	48	7.3
	Bifidobacterium minimum KK-1	Rb1	0.003	5.4	0.1	[17]
		Rb2	0.004	6.4	0.2
		Rc	0.001	2.3	0.04
		Ginseng extract	0.007	NC	0.3
	Bifidobacterium cholerium KK-2	Rb1	0.0004	0.8	0.02
		Rb2	0.0007	1.2	0.03
		Rc	0.0006	1.1	0.03
		Ginseng extract	0.004	NC	0.2
	Leuconostoc lactis DC201	Rb1	0.6	99	7.8	[31]
	Leuconostoc mesenterioides DC102	Rb1	0.6	99	7.8	[32]
	Lactobacillus paralimentarius LH4	Rb1	0.5	88	7.2	[33]
Fungi	Armillaria mellea KACC 50013	Rb1	0.1	100	5.8	[23]
	Aspergillus niger KCTC 6906	Rb1	0.5	96	11.3	[25]
		Rb2	0.05	9.7	1.0	[26]
		Rc	0.05	9.1	1.0
	Aspergillus usamii var. shirousamii KCTC 6956	Rb1	0.3	55.2	6.5	[25]
		Rb2	0.06	10.4	1.3	[26]
		Rc	0.3	52	6.1
	Aspergillus niger KACC 46495	Rb1	0.6	100	280	This study
		Rb2	0.5	94	22
		Rc	0.6	100	289
		PPDKG	2.8	80	313

NC, Not calculated.