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. 2020 Jul 31;30(10):1560–1567. doi: 10.4014/jmb.2007.07003

Table 2.

Biotransformation of PPDGs to C-K by crude enzymes from food-available wild-type microorganisms.

Origin of enzyme Microorganism Substrate C-K (mg/mL) Molar conversion (%) Productivity (mg/L/h) Reference
Commercial enzyme Aspergillus niger (Cytolase PCL5) White ginseng extract 2.1 69 26.9 [14]
Aspergillus niger (Pectinex) Non-extracted raw rootlet ginseng 1.0 NC 13.7 [16]
Lactic acid bacteria Bifidobacterium sp. Int57 Rb1 0.5 97 11.3 [25]
Rb2 0.2 94 11.0
Rc 0.4 77 9.2
Bifidobacterium sp. SJ32 Rb1 0.5 94 11.0
Rb2 0.5 87 10.2
Rc 0.4 48 7.3
Bifidobacterium minimum KK-1 Rb1 0.003 5.4 0.1 [17]
Rb2 0.004 6.4 0.2
Rc 0.001 2.3 0.04
Ginseng extract 0.007 NC 0.3
Bifidobacterium cholerium KK-2 Rb1 0.0004 0.8 0.02
Rb2 0.0007 1.2 0.03
Rc 0.0006 1.1 0.03
Ginseng extract 0.004 NC 0.2
Leuconostoc lactis DC201 Rb1 0.6 99 7.8 [31]
Leuconostoc mesenterioides DC102 Rb1 0.6 99 7.8 [32]
Lactobacillus paralimentarius LH4 Rb1 0.5 88 7.2 [33]
Fungi Armillaria mellea KACC 50013 Rb1 0.1 100 5.8 [23]
Aspergillus niger KCTC 6906 Rb1 0.5 96 11.3 [25]
Rb2 0.05 9.7 1.0 [26]
Rc 0.05 9.1 1.0
Aspergillus usamii var. shirousamii KCTC 6956 Rb1 0.3 55.2 6.5 [25]
Rb2 0.06 10.4 1.3 [26]
Rc 0.3 52 6.1
Aspergillus niger KACC 46495 Rb1 0.6 100 280 This study
Rb2 0.5 94 22
Rc 0.6 100 289
PPDKG 2.8 80 313

NC, Not calculated.