Table 5.

Anti-inflammatory effects of Bifidobacterium spp.

References	Strain(s)	Outcomes and results	Discussion
Chae et al. [29]	B. animalis subsp. Lactis	• Shortening of colon length reduced • Pathological properties of colon by DSS treatment decreased • DSS-induced apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cell decreased • Increased TNF-α of DSS-treated mouse reduced	BB12 lowered the sensitivity to colitis, induced by DSS, and reduced the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells. This was attributed to the reduction in TNF-α
Khokhlova et al. [30]	B. bifidum, B. longum, B. breve, B. adolescentis	• Inhibited IL-8 secretion of LPS-treated HT-29 cells (conditioned medium of all tested strains)	Bifidobacteria controlled the signaling pathway in epithelial cells and was species-specific
Rodes et al. [31]	L. rhamnosus, B. bifidum, B. longum, B. longum subsp. Infantis	• Concentration of LPS decreased • TNF-α and IL-1β decreased in intestinal LPS	Probiotics lowered the intestinal LPS concentration and reduced the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages

DSS, dextran sodium sulfate; IL-8, interleukin 8; IL-1β, interleukin 1 beta; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α.