. 2020 May 21;30(8):1149–1155. doi: 10.4014/jmb.2003.03010

Table 3.

Mycotoxin concentrations in perennial ryegrass, red clover and blue alfalfa silage after 96 days of fermentation.

Silage samples	Mycotoxins concentrations ± SD, µg/kg (ppb)

	AFB1	ZEA	DON	T-2
Perennial ryegrass C	1.67 ± 0.06^b,c,d,e,f,g	500 ± 0.00^b,c,d,e,f,g	500 ± 10.00^b,c,d,e,f,g	110 ±10.00^b,c,d,e,f,g
Perennial ryegrass O-AE	0.99 ± 0.01^a,c,d,f,g	170 ± 17.32^a,c,d,e,f,g	550 ± 0.00^a,c,d,e,f,g	80 ± 5.00^a,c,d,e,f
Perennial ryegrass O-EE	0.70 ± 0.03^a,b,d,e,f	300 ± 0.00^a,b,e,f,g	400 ± 10.00^a,b,e,f,g,	200 ± 0.00^a,b,d,e,f,g
Perennial ryegrass T-AE	n.d	300 ± 10.00^a,b,e,f,g	400 ± 10.00^a,b,e,f,g	150 ± 5.00^a,b,c,e,f,g
Perennial ryegrass T-EE	0.99 ± 0.04^a,c,d,f,g	130 ± 0.00^a,b,c,d,f,g	450 ± 20.00^a,b,c,d,f,g	n.d
Perennial ryegrass X	n.d	670 ± 10.00^a,b,c,d,e,g	300 ± 0.00^a,b,c,d,e	125 ± 5.00^a,b,c,d,e,g
Perennial ryegrass Y	0.70 ± 0.01^a,b,d,e,f	200 ± 5.00^a,b,c,d,e,f	300 ± 10.00^a,b,c,d,e	75 ± 8.66^a,c,d,e,f

Red clover C	2.00 ± 0.01^y,j,k,l,m	1200 ± 50.00^i,y,j,k,l,m	450 ± 10.00^i,y,j,k,l,m	n.d
Red clover O-AE	2.00 ± 0.02^y,j,k,l,m		300 ± 10.00^h,y,j,k,l,m	200 ± 10.00^h,y,j,k,l,m
Red clover O-EE	4.99 ± 0.02^h,i,j,k,l,m	600 ± 000^h,i,y,j,l,m	500 ± 10.00^h,i,k,l	n.d
Red clover T-AE	n.d	700 ± 10.00^h,i,y,l,m	500 ± 0.00^h,i,k,l	25 ± 5.00^h,i,y,k,l,m
Red clover T-EE	3.01 ± 0.02^h,i,y,j,l,m	670 ± 8.66^h,i,l,m	350 ± 10.00^h,i,y,j,k,m	n.d
Red clover X	n.d	470 ± 10.00^h,i,y,j,k,m	350 ± 0.00^h,i,y,j,m	n.d
Red clover Y	n.d	1300 ± 100.00^h,i,y,j,k,l	500 ± 10.00^h,i,k,l	n.d

Blue alfalfa C	0.73 ± 0.04^o,p,r,s,t,u	270 ± 10.00^o,p,r,s,t,u	550 ± 10.00^o,p,r,s,t,u	50 ± 5.00^o,p,r,s,t,u
Blue alfalfa O-AE	0.70 ± 0.01^p,r,s,t,u	170 ± 10.00^n,r,s,t,u	500 ± 0.00^n,r,t,u	75 ± 5.00^n,p,r,s,t,u
Blue alfalfa O-EE	3.00 ± 0.10^n,o,r,t,u	150 ± 0.00^n,r,s,t,u	500 ± 10.00^n,r,t,u	n.d
Blue alfalfa T-AE	2.67 ± 0.12^n,o,p,s,t,u	470 ± 10.00^n,o,p,s,u	150 ± 10.00^n,o,p,r,s,u	150 ± 10.00^n,o,p,s,u
Blue alfalfa T-EE	3.03 ± 0.06^n,o,r,t,u	200 ± 10.00^{n,o,p,r,s,t,u}	500 ± 0.00^n,r,t,u	n.d
Blue alfalfa X	1.30 ± 0.20^n,o,p,r,s,u	470 ± 20.00^n,o,p,r,s,u	150 ± 10.00^n,o,p,r,s,u	150 ± 0.00^n,o,p,s,u
Blue alfalfa Y	7.00 ± 0.17^n,o,p,r,s,t	680 ± 8.66^n,o,p,r,s,t	250 ± 20.00^n,o,p,r,s,t	250 ± 26.46^n,o,p,r,s,t

n.d. – not detected

SD – standard deviation

^{a – g} Mean values with different superscripts are significantly different in perennial ryegrass silage samples (p ≤ 0.05). ^{h – m} Mean values with different superscripts are significantly different in red clover silage samples (p ≤ 0.05). ^{n – u} Mean values with different superscripts are significantly different in blue alfalfa silage samples (p ≤ 0.05).

C – control sample, O-AE – oregano aqueous extract, O-EE – oregano ethanol extract, T-AE – thyme aqueous extract, T-EE – thyme ethanol extract, X – commercial inoculant X, Y – commercial inoculant Y.