Figure 3.

Translational considerations. (A) An adequate assessment of neutrophils present, the degree and necessity of inflammatory reactions, and evaluation of possible therapeutics must be performed. (B) Leukocyte dysfunction is observable in genetic diseases. Leukocyte adhesion deficiencies result in an increased risk for infections due to different underlying causes. Also, other causes affecting neutrophils are known, including transfusion, extracorporeal circulation, and inflammatory diseases. Patients require isolation and immunoprotective measures or adequate control of neutrophil hyperactivation and organ-protection strategies. (C) COVID-19–based considerations must take neutrophil phenotypes into account. Anti-inflammatory strategies are being discussed, but more precise interventions are needed. Distinguishing between the acute and long phases of COVID are important. Targeted approaches seem to be promising for future endeavors in the therapy of COVID, sepsis, or acute respiratory distress syndrome. (D) Consideration of circadian rhythmicity is crucial for future therapeutic endeavors. Rescheduling of surgeries or interventions is needed, and chronotherapy, light therapy, and sleep interventions are in place. CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IgE, immunoglobulin E; WAS, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.