Table 2. Quality assessment of included studies.
| Quality assessment criteria | 1. Was true randomization used for assignment of participants to treatment groups? | 2. Was allocation to treatment groups concealed? | 3. Were treatment groups similar at the baseline? | 4. Were participants blind to treatment assignment? | 5. Were those delivering treatment blind to treatment assignment? | 6. Were outcomes assessors blind to treatment assignment? | 7. Were treatment groups treated identically other than the intervention of interest? | 8. Was follow up complete and if not, were differences between groups in terms of their follow up adequately described and analysed? | 9. Were participants analysed in the groups to which they were randomized? | 10. Were outcomes measured in the same way for treatment groups? | 11. Were outcomes measured in a reliable way? | 12. Was appropriate statistical analysis used? | 13. Was the trial design appropriate, and any deviations from the standard RCT design (individual randomization, parallel groups) accounted for in the conduct and analysis of the trial? | Quality score | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Silva-Santos, 2021 | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 10 | H |
| Neal, 2021 | Y | U | Y | N | N | N | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 | M |
| Yu, 2021 | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 12 | H |
| He, 2021 | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 10 | H |
| Payne Riches, 2021 | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | N | N | Y | Y | U | U | Y | Y | 7 | M |
| Dorsch, 2020 | Y | U | Y | NA | NA | U | Y | Y | U | Y | N | Y | Y | 7 | M |
| Humalda, 2020 | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | U | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 9 | H |
| Bernabe-Ortiz, 2020 | Y | U | N | NA | NA | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 9 | H |
| Yasutake, 2019 | U | U | Y | NA | NA | U | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | 6 | M |
| Rahimdel, 2019 | Y | N | Y | NA | NA | U | Y | N | U | Y | Y | N | Y | 6 | M |
| Cashman, 2019 | U | U | Y | N | N | U | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | N | 5 | M |
| Yasutake, 2018 | U | U | Y | NA | NA | U | Y | N | U | Y | U | Y | Y | 5 | M |
| Yang, 2018 | U | U | Y | U | U | U | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 | M |
| Takada, 2018 | Y | U | N | NA | NA | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | 8 | H |
| Musso, 2018 | N | N | Y | NA | NA | U | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 | M |
| Iwahori, 2018 | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | U | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | Y | 8 | H |
| Borah, 2018 | U | N | N | NA | NA | U | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | 5 | M |
| Eyles, 2017 | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | 9 | H |
| Allaert, 2017 | U | Y | U | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 10 | H |
| Zhou, 2016 | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | U | Y | N | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | 9 | H |
| Takada, 2016 | U | N | N | NA | NA | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 | M |
| Li, 2016 | Y | U | U | NA | NA | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | N | 6 | M |
| Irwan, 2016 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | 11 | H |
| Pinjuh Markota, 2015 | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | U | U | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 8 | H |
| He, 2015 | Y | Y | Y | NA | NA | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 12 | H |
| Barros, 2015 | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 | M |
| Zhao, 2014 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 11 | H |
| Petersen, 2013 | U | N | Y | NA | NA | N | Y | N | N | Y | Y | N | N | 4 | L |
| Cotter, 2013 | U | U | Y | NA | NA | U | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 | M |
| Allaert, 2013 | U | U | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 10 | H |
| Sarkkinen, 2011 | U | U | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | 8 | M |
| Morikawa, 2011 | N | N | Y | NA | NA | U | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 | M |
| Ferrante, 2011 | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | 11 | H |
| Fujiwara, 2010 | N | N | N | NA | NA | N | N | Y | U | Y | Y | Y | N | 4 | L |
| Zhou, 2009 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 10 | H |
| Saptharishi, 2009 | Y | U | N | NA | NA | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | U | Y | Y | 7 | M |
| Mu, 2009 | Y | U | U | Y | U | U | Y | N | U | Y | Y | Y | Y | 7 | M |
| CSSSC, 2007 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | 13 | H |
| Cappuccio, 2006 | U | U | U | Y | NA | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | U | N | Y | 6 | M |
| Arcand, 2005 | U | U | Y | NA | NA | U | Y | Y | U | Y | U | N | Y | 5 | M |