Table 1.
Specific Food Allergens in US Children by Race and Ethnicity
| Reference | Study population | Race/ethnicity | Statistic | Reported prevalence and odds ratios by food allergen | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peanuts | Tree nuts | Milk | Egg | Wheat | Soy | Sesame | Fish | Shellfish | Corn | ||||
| Mahdavinia et al,12 2017 | Children 0-17 y old with food allergies seen in allergy/immunology clinics in Chicago, Illinois and Cincinnati, Ohio | White | Prevalence (%) | 65.1 | 45.5 | 24.9 | 38.3 | 7.4 | 7.4 | — | 3.5 | 7.39 | 2.1 |
| Odds ratio | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | — | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | |||
| Black | Prevalence (%) | 65.6 | 18.6 | 29.5 | 44.6 | 23.2 | 27.0 | — | 34.39 | 23.5 | 15.1 | ||
| Odds ratio | 1.12 | 0.31a | 0.98 | 1.27 | 2.95a | 3.43a | — | 11.66a | 3.34a | 6.6a | |||
| Hispanic | Prevalence (%) | 52.5 | 25.3 | 25.3 | 45.5 | 11.1 | 12.1 | — | 16.2 | 15.2 | 7.1 | ||
| Odds ratio | 0.65 | 0.49a | 0.82 | 1.19 | 1.31 | 1.40 | — | 4.82a | 2.26a | 3.28a | |||
| Mahdavinia et al,13 2021 | Children 0-12 y old with food allergies seen in allergy/immunology clinics in Chicago, Illinois, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Washington, District of Columbia | White | Prevalence (%) | 62.6 | 51.3 | 25.2 | 42.1 | 5.2 | 5.4 | 20.5 | 8.2 | 8.0 | — |
| Odds ratio | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | — | |||
| Black | Prevalence (%) | 64.9 | 56.5 | 21.3 | 35.2 | 12.6 | 10.0 | 10.5 | 23.9 | 31.8 | — | ||
| Odds ratio | 0.87 | 1.27 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 2.10 | 0.97 | 0.52 | 2.54a | 3.11a | — | |||
| Coulson et al,14 2020 | Adolescents 11-16 y old whose mothers were recruited in Eastern Massachusetts during pregnancy | White | Odds ratio | (ref) | — | (ref) | (ref) | (ref) | — | — | — | — | — |
| Black | Odds ratio | 2.41a | — | 1.41 | 2.66 | 0.72 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Hispanic | Odds ratio | 1.44 | — | NA | NA | NA | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Mixed race, Asian or Pacific Islander, American Indian or Alaskan Native, or other | Odds ratio | 4.14a | — | 1.52 | 1.35 | 2.29 | — | — | — | — | — | ||
| Wang et al,15 2020 | Children 0-17 y old from a nationally representative panel | White | Odds ratio | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | (ref) | — |
| Black | Odds ratio | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 2.3a | — | ||
| Hispanic | Odds ratio | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.4 | — | ||
| Asian | Odds ratio | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 1.7 | — | ||
| Mixed race or other | Odds ratio | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.9 | — | ||
Abbreviations: NA, not applicable; ref, reference interval.
NOTE. Findings from selected studies are detailed above. Selected studies were not conducted specifically in inner-city populations. White is the reference group for calculating odds ratios. “—” indicates statistic not evaluated in a given study.
a
Statistically significant differences in odds ratios.