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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Dec 7.
Published in final edited form as: Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2022 May 11;129(4):430–439. doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2022.04.035

Table 3.

Food Allergy-Related Bullying in US Schoolchildren

Reference Study design Number of
participants		 Instrument to
measure
bullying		 Questionnaire
completed by		 Child population Rate of food allergy-related bullying
Annunziato et al,55 2014 Longitudinal, single center 127 EMPOWER Program Survey Children Mainly White (89.5%), non-Hispanic (91.9%), and higher socioeconomic status (65.4% annual household income ≥ $100,000).

  • Overall: 30.7%-32.5%

  • Did not stratify results by race, ethnicity, or household income.
Brown et al,57 2021 Longitudinal, multicenter 252 Self-generated questionnaire Parents All non-Hispanic. White (73.4%) and Black (26.6%). Annual household income ≥ $100,000 in 74.1% of White families vs < $50,000 in 60.7% of Black (P < .001).

  • Overall: 18.7%

  • No significant racial differences overall (White 20.0% vs Black 15.6%, P = .50).

  • In children >11 yo, White children are more likely to be bullied compared with Black (44.8% vs 18.2%, P = .046).

  • Household income is not a predictor of bullying.
Cooke et al,56 2021 Cross-sectional, multicenter 121 EMPOWER Program Survey Parents and children Racial/ethnic breakdown was comparable to study clinic populations and household income comparable to the region's US Census Bureau data. Black (37.0%), White (30.0%), Multiracial (12.0%), Other (8.0%); Hispanic (12.0%). Annual household income ≥ $100,000 in 41.0% of families.

  • Overall: 34%

  • No significant differences by race or ethnicity.

  • Did not stratify results by household income.
Lieberman et al,54 2010 Cross-sectional, multicenter 353 Self-generated questionnaire Mainly parents Mainly White (95.1%), non-Hispanic (97.4%).

  • Overall: 35.2%

  • Did not stratify results by race or ethnicity.

  • Socioeconomic status not evaluated.
Shemesh et al,6 2013 Cross-sectional, single center 251 EMPOWER Program Survey Parents and children Mainly White (85.7%), non-Hispanic (90.4%), and higher socioeconomic status (65.3% annual household income ≥ $100,000).

  • Overall: 31.5%

  • Hispanic children are more likely to be bullied than non-Hispanic (64.3% vs 29.5%, P < .01).

  • Black children are more likely to be bullied (80.0%), and all other races less likely to be bullied (White 29.6%, Asian 32.3%, Indian 33.3%). Statistical comparisons not presented as participants could select > 1 race.

  • No significant difference by household income.