Table 2.
Comparison of clinical characteristics among the DM-1 group, DM-2 group, and DM-3 group.
| DM-1 (n = 636) | DM-2 (n = 191) | DM-3 (n = 132) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (M/F) | 397/239 | 119/72 | 93/39 | 0.203 |
| Age (years) | 57 (48–65) | 60 (51–69) | 61 (51–70) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes course (years) | 5 (1–10) | 8 (1–10) | 10 (5–14) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension course (years) | 0 (0–5) | 0 (0–10) | 5 (1–10) | <0.001 |
| Body weight | 68.12 ± 12.97 | 68.53 ± 14.21 | 69.10 ± 12.96 | 0.722 |
| Height (m) | 1.66 ± 0.08 | 1.66 ± 0.78 | 1.66 ± 0.72 | 0.545 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.6 ± 3.9 | 24.9 ± 4.0 | 24.7 ± 4.0 | 0.545 |
| HbA1C (%) | 9.48 ± 2.73 | 9.83 ± 2.18 | 8.95 ± 4.20 | 0.025 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 8.78 ± 3.85 | 9.18 ± 3.40 | 8.94 ± 4.25 | <0.001 |
| UTP (g/24 h) | 0.06 ± 0.67 | 0.28 ± 0.21 | 5.28 ± 6.31 | <0.001 |
| UCr (μmol/L) | 9458 ± 5177 | 7466 ± 4241 | 5786 ± 3571 | <0.001 |
| ALB (g/L) | 41.28 ± 4.77 | 40.57 ± 5.56 | 37.57 ± 6.19 | <0.001 |
| Urea (mmol/L) | 5.68 ± 3.42 | 6.19 ± 2.29 | 8.84 ± 4.82 | <0.001 |
| SCr (μmol/L) | 59.8 ± 16.7 | 72.6 ± 54.8 | 123.1 ± 87.2 | <0.001 |
| UA (μmol/L) | 348.5 ± 105.3 | 363.9 ± 104.8 | 406.7 ± 116.5 | <0.001 |
| Tch (mmol/L) | 1.96 ± 1.65 | 5.83 ± 16.50 | 4.88 ± 1.34 | 0.676 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.96 ± 1.65 | 2.56 ± 2.82 | 2.56 ± 2.23 | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.02 ± 0.31 | 1.02 ± 0.29 | 1.09 ± 0.38 | 0.086 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 2.72 ± 1.76 | 2.57 ± 1.16 | 4.58 ± 15.19 | 0.002 |
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 104.2 ± 19.4 | 97.8 ± 24.2 | 67.9 ± 33.0 | <0.001 |
| Hb (mg/L) | 137.1 ± 21.4 | 135.2 ± 22.1 | 123.4 ± 23.4 | <0.001 |
| PT (s) | 10.70 ± 0.83 | 10.90 ± 1.48 | 10.67 ± 0.90 | 0.030 |
| Rx, n (%) | ||||
| None (diet alone) | 53 (8.3) | 22 (11.8) | 11 (8.0) | 0.251 |
| OHA | 128 (20.1) | 67 (35.1) | 41 (31.4) | 0.024 |
| Insulin ± OHA | 397 (62.4) | 91 (47.7) | 80 (60.5) | 0.141 |
| Antihypertensive drugs | 250 (39.3) | 97 (50.9) | 83 (63.2) | <0.001 |
| ACE-I/ARBs | 134 (21.1) | 58 (30.4) | 60 (45.1) | <0.001 |
| Hypolipidemic therapy | 198 (31.1) | 73 (38.4) | 53 (40.2) | 0.251 |
| PFT (cm) | 1.08 (0.85–1.33) | 1.15 (1.00–1.42) | 1.29 (1.05,1.60) | <0.001 |
| PFT/BMI (mm/kg/m2) | 0.44 (0.35, 0.54) | 0.49 (0.41, 0.59) | 0.53 (0.42, 0.67) | <0.001 |
DM-1: diabetes mellitus without albuminuria; DM-2: diabetes mellitus with microalbuminuria; DM-3: diabetes mellitus with macroalbuminuria; BMI: body mass index; BMI = weight (kg)/height2 (m2); HbA1C: glycated hemoglobin ratio; FPG: fasting plasma glucose; UTP: total 24-hour urinary protein; UCr: urinary creatinine; urine albumin: urinary microprotein; UACR: urinary creatinine protein ratio; UACR (mg/g) = urinary creatinine/urinary microalbumin; ALB: serum albumin; urea: serum urea nitrogen; SCr: blood creatinine; UA: blood uric acid; Tch: serum total cholesterol; TG: triglycerides; HDL: serum high-density lipoprotein; LDL: serum low-density lipoprotein; eGFR: predicted glomerular filtration rate; Hb: hemoglobin; PT: prothrombin time; PFT: perirenal fat thickness; OHA: oral hypoglycemic agent; Rx: prescription.