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. 2022 Dec 5;54(12):1881–1894. doi: 10.1038/s41588-022-01236-3

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 7 — Comparisons are between pediatric versus adult patient groups (x axis) and pontine versus thalamic midline locations (y axis) and a representative model image of tumor cell composition is depicted, respectively. All tumor groups are abundant in OPC-like cells and also harbor more differentiated AC-like, OC-like, MES-like and nonmalignant microenvironmental cells, but lack tumor cells of the NPC/neuronal lineage, as delineated by single-cell multi-omics (color legend). MES-like cells increase with age, as indicated by the green arrow, which is associated with age-related changes in the tumor immune microenvironment; in particular, higher proportions of microglia in pediatric tumors as opposed to increased proportions of macrophages in adult tumors. Location specificity exists for varying maturation stages of OPC-like cells—pontine tumors harbor less mature pre-OPC-like cells, while thalamic tumors are enriched for more mature lineage-committed OPC-like cells, either as a result of region-specific cell-intrinsic features or due to location-related diversification driven through interactions within the local environmental niche.