Table 1.
Characteristics of the overall study population and the population stratified according to type 2 diabetes status
| Variable | Overall (n=1554) |
Individuals without type 2 diabetes (n=1185) |
Individuals with type 2 diabetes (n=369) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 60 ± 8 | 59 ± 8 | 62 ± 8 |
| Sex, % women | 47.9 | 53.8 | 29.0 |
| Postmenopausal, % of women | 79.2 | 78.3 | 84.1 |
| Use of oestrogen-containing medication, % of women | 4.0 | 3.8 | 5.6 |
| Education level low/medium/high, % | 30.3/28.8/40.9 | 27.3/28.4/44.2 | 39.8/30.1/30.1 |
| Smoking, never/former/current, % | 38.0/50.2/11.8 | 39.0/49.3/11.7 | 34.8/53.0/12.2 |
| DHD index (DHD-13)a | 77.2 ± 13.9 | 78.0 ± 13.9 | 74.8 ± 13.7 |
| Alcohol, g/day | 9.0 (2.0–19.0) | 9.8 (2.7–19.5) | 5.8 (0.5–16.0) |
| Physical activity, min/day | 120.8 (93.6–148.7) | 125.5 (101.1–152.5) | 100.9 (74.6–135.8) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.6 ± 4.1 | 25.8 ± 3.7 | 29.0 ± 4.3 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 94.3 ± 12.5 | 91.3 ± 11.0 | 103.8 ± 12.5 |
| Office systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 134 ± 17 | 132 ± 17 | 140 ± 16 |
| Office diastolic blood pressure, mmHg | 76 ± 10 | 76 ± 10 | 77 ± 9 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/l | 5.3 ± 1.2 | 5.6 ± 1.1 | 4.5 ± 1.0 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/l | 1.6 ± 0.5 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.4 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/l | 3.1 ± 1.0 | 3.3 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 0.9 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/l | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.5 (1.1–2.1) |
| Use of lipid-modifying medication, % | 32.3 | 19.7 | 72.9 |
| HbA1c, % | 5.6 (5.4–6.0) | 5.4 (5.3–5.7) | 6.7 (6.2–7.4) |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 38.0 (35.0–42.0) | 36.0 (34.0–39.0) | 50.0 (44.5–57.0) |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/l | 5.5 (5.0–6.3) | 5.3 (4.9–5.7) | 7.5 (6.8–8.6) |
| Fasting insulin, mmol/l | 59.1 (41.8–87.8) | 55.3 (40.0–77.0) | 83.2 (51.3–126.0) |
| Matsuda index | 3.6 (2.1–5.3) | 4.1 (2.6–5.8) | 2.0 (1.3–3.0) |
| Use of glucose-lowering medication, % | 17.9 | 0.0 | 75.3 |
| IHL content, % | 3.5 (2.1–6.5) | 2.9 (1.9–5.1) | 5.2 (3.5–10.7) |
| Hepatic steatosis, % yes | 29.9 | 22.0 | 55.0 |
| Serum SHBG, nmol/l | 35.5 (25.3–49.8) | 38.7 (27.6–54.2) | 26.4 (19.6–37.0) |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (IQR) unless otherwise indicated
aDutch Healthy Diet (DHD-14) index minus alcohol component (DHD-13)