Table 4.
Predictors of household food insecurity among pregnant women in Rwanda.
| Factor | Food insecure, n (%) | Food secure, n (%) | COR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years | ||||
| 15-19 | 41(59.4) | 28(40.6) | 1.42(0.80–2.51) | 0.77(0.37–1.59) |
| 20-35 | 450(49.7) | 455(50.3) | 2.10(1.50–2.94) *** | 0.72(0.46–1.12) |
| >35 | 125(67.6) | 60(32.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Spouse’s/partner's age in years | ||||
| 15-19 | 10(71.4) | 4(28.6) | 0.52(0.16–1.71) | 0.38(0.10–1.38) |
| 20-35 | 408(51.2) | 389(48.8) | 1.25(0.97–1.62) | 0.73(0.51–1.03) |
| >35 | 198(56.9) | 150(43.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Residence | ||||
| Rural | 477(58.5) | 338(41.5) | 2.08(1.61–2.69) *** | 1.04(0.75–1.45) |
| Urban | 139(40.4) | 205(59.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 306(50.7) | 298(49.3) | 0.51(0.32–0.83) ** | 0.38(0.21–0.68) ** |
| Cohabiting | 254(53.9) | 217(46.1) | 0.58(0.36–0.95) | 0.40(0.23–0.72) |
| Single | 56(66.7) | 28(33.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Level of education | ||||
| No formal education | 86(79.6) | 22(20.4) | 19.19(8.62–42.70) *** | 4.58(1.88–11.15) ** |
| Primary | 403(58.5) | 286(41.5) | 6.92(3.55–13.46) *** | 1.65(0.78–3.47) |
| Secondary | 116(39.1) | 181(60.9) | 3.15(1.58–6.27) ** | 1.69(0.80–3.57) |
| Tertiary | 11(16.9) | 54(83.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Spouse/partner's level of education | ||||
| No formal education | 86(80.4) | 21(19.6) | 14.95(7.52–29.72) *** | 2.23(0.93–5.37) |
| Primary | 415(59.0) | 288(41.0) | 5.26(3.14–8.82) *** | 1.45(0.73–2.89) |
| Secondary | 95(37.1) | 161(62.9) | 2.15(1.24–3.76) ** | 1.03(0.53–2.01) |
| Tertiary | 20(21.5) | 73(78.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Ownership of the house currently reside in | ||||
| Own house | 412(58.7) | 290(41.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Rented house | 174(41.5) | 245(58.5) | 0.50(0.39–0.64) *** | 0.89(0.65–1.65) |
| Others | 30(78.9) | 8(21.1) | 2.64(1.19–5.84) | 2.08(0.80–5.37) |
| Main source of household income | ||||
| Employed with monthly salary | 106(37.2) | 179(62.8) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Owner a small business | 45(25.7) | 130(74.3) | 0.58(0.39–0.88) * | 0.60(0.38–0.97) * |
| Subsistence Farming | 436(67.6) | 209(32.4) | 3.52(2.63–4.71) *** | 1.64(1.09–2.46) * |
| Others | 29(53.7) | 25(46.3) | 1.96(1.09–3.52) * | 1.58(0.79–3.16) |
| Socio-class category | ||||
| aCategory 1 | 135(67.8) | 64(32.2) | 3.33(2.32–4.79) *** | 2.45(1.59–3.76) *** |
| bCategory 2 | 338(57.2) | 253(42.8) | 2.11(1.62–2.75) *** | 2.02(1.47–2.78) *** |
| cCategory 3 | 143(38.8) | 226(61.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Yes | 183(73.5) | 66(26.5) | 3.05(2.24–4.16) *** | 2.47(1.72–3.54) *** |
| No | 433(47.6) | 477(52.4) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Yes | 9(69.2) | 4(30.8) | 1.99(0.61–6.52) | |
| No | 607(53.0) | 539(47.0) | 1.00 | |
| Spouse/partner's smoking status | ||||
| Yes | 62(76.5) | 19(23.5) | 3.08(1.82–5.23) *** | 2.20(1.18–4.20) * |
| No | 554(51.4) | 524(48.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Parity | ||||
| Primigravida | 203(43.3) | 266(56.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| One | 135(50.0) | 135(50.0) | 1.31(0.97–1.77) | 1.82(1.27–2.63) ** |
| Two | 106(62.7) | 63(37.3) | 2.21(1.53–3.16) *** | 3.22(2.06–50.5) *** |
| Three | 77(70.0) | 33(30.0) | 3.06(1.96–4.78) *** | 4.02(2.29–7.08) *** |
| Four | 41(65.1) | 22(34.9) | 2.44(1.41–4.23) ** | 3.03(1.56–5.91) *** |
| Five and above | 54(69.2) | 24(30.8) | 2.95(1.76–4.93) *** | 3.80(1.91–7.56) *** |
| HIV status | ||||
| Positive | 16(59.3) | 11(40.7) | 1.29(0.59–2.80) | |
| Negative | 600(53.0) | 532(47.0) | 1.00 | |
| History of chronic diseases | ||||
| Yes | 30(60.0) | 20(40.0) | 1.34(0.75–2.38) | |
| No | 586(52.8) | 523(47.2) | 1.00 | |
AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio COR: Crude Odds Ratio; CI: Confidence Interval; *P value <0.05; **P value <0.01; ***P value <0.001.
a
Category 1: Very poor and vulnerable citizens who were homeless and unable to feed themselves without assistance.
b
Category 2: Citizens who were able to afford some form of rented or low-class owned accommodation, but who were not gainfully employed and could only afford to eat once or twice a day.
c
Category 3: Citizens who were gainfully employed or were even employers of labour. This category included small farmers who had moved beyond subsistence farming, or owners of small and medium-scale enterprises.