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. 2022 Dec 8;7:69. doi: 10.1038/s41536-022-00265-0

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic representation of the NC-derived progenitor cell induction process. b PCA indicates that five unique hPSC (H1, Hues9, H9, Hues7 and ihPSC) lines followed similar differentiation trajectories. c Genes encoding ectoderm markers were upregulated during induction. d Genes encoding NC markers were upregulated during induction. e GO analysis highlighted bone and cartilage development, especially cranial skeleton morphogenesis and cranial skeletal system development, in NC-derived progenitor cells. f Genes encoding chondrogenesis markers were upregulated during induction.