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. 2022 Dec 7;12:21193. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-25576-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Biofilm eradication activity of the phage vB_PaeS_VL1 against clinical isolates of MDR P. aeruginosa. The viable bacterial cell counts in 48 h-old biofilms of P. aeruginosa strains (a) MDR PA897, (b) MDR PA269 or (c) MDR PA294 after treatment with phage VL1 for 6, 12 and 24 h were measured using the standard plate count. The total biofilm mass of 48 h-old biofilms of P. aeruginosa strains (d) MDR PA897, (e) MDR PA269 or (f) MDR PA294 after treatment with phage VL1 for 6, 12 and 24 h. The absorbance of each well was measured at 595 nm after a crystal violet stain. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. ****P < 0.0001, ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01 or *P < 0.05, Students t test, indicates statistically significant differences between experimental and control groups.