TABLE 6.
Representation of synergistic interactions between extracts and antifungal drugs.
| Tested extracts | MIC alone µg/mL | MIC combination µg/mL | FICI value | Fold reductions | Interpretation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trichophyton rubrum | |||||
| A. S (M) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.365 | 4 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| A. S (DW) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.374 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.00125 | 4 | ||
| Z. O (EA) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.365 | 4 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| Z. O (M) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.249 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| Z. O (DW) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.249 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| M. P (DW) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.624 | 8 | Additive |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.0025 | 2 | ||
| N. S (M) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.9 | 2 | Additive |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.0025 | 2 | ||
| A. I (DW) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.365 | 4 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.00625 | 8 | ||
| C. L (EA) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.00625 | 8 | ||
| C. L (M) | 31.25 | 62.5 | 2.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| Trichophyton tonsurans | |||||
| A. S (M) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.249 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| A. S (DW) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.365 | 4 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| Z. O (EA) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.374 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.00125 | 4 | ||
| Z. O (M) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.249 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| Z. O (DW) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.525 | 2 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| M. P (DW) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.249 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| N. S (EA) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.365 | 4 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| N. S (M) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.249 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| N. S (DW) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.249 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| A. I (DW) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.365 | 4 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| L. I (M) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.249 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| L. I (DW) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.249 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| C. L (EA) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.65 | 2 | Additive |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.00125 | 2 | ||
| C. L (M) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.374 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.00125 | 4 | ||
| C. L (DW) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.365 | 4 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| Alternaria alternata | |||||
| A. S (M) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.249 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| A. S (DW) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.249 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| Z. O (EA) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.249 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| Z. O (M) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.249 | 8 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| Z. O (DW) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| M. P (DW) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.365 | 4 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| N. S (EA) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.49 | 4 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.00125 | 8 | ||
| N. S (M) | 31.25 | 62.5 | 2.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| N. S (DW) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.525 | 2 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| A. I (DW) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.525 | 2 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| L. I (M) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.365 | 4 | Synergy |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| L. I (DW) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| C. L (EA) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.25 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.00125 | 2 | ||
| C. L (M) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.000625 | 8 | ||
| C. L (DW) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.65 | 2 | Additive |
| Terbinafine | 0.005 | 0.00125 | 2 | ||
| Aspergillus terreus | |||||
| N. S (M) | 31.25 | 62.5 | 2.15 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 1.6 | 2 | ||
| N. S (DW) | 31.25 | 62.5 | 2.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| L. I (M) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.9 | 2 | Additive |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 1.6 | 2 | ||
| L. I (DW) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.5 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 1.6 | 2 | ||
| C. L (DW) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 1.24 | 4 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 3.2 | 0 | ||
| Rhizopus arrhizus | |||||
| A. S (M) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.49 | 4 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.8 | 4 | ||
| A. S (DW) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.365 | 4 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| Z. O (EA) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| Z. O (M) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.52 | 2 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| Z. O (DW) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| M. P (DW) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.52 | 2 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| N. S (EA) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.245 | 8 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| N. S (M) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.365 | 4 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| N. S (DW) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.245 | 8 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| A. I (DW) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| L. I (M) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.245 | 8 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| L. I (DW) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.365 | 4 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| C. L (EA) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.245 | 8 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| C. L (M) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.374 | 8 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.8 | 4 | ||
| C. L (DW) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.5 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 1.6 | 2 | ||
| Aspergillus flavus | |||||
| A. S (M) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.65 | 2 | Additive |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.8 | 8 | ||
| A. S (DW) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.9 | 2 | Additive |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 1.6 | 2 | ||
| M. P (DW) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.245 | 8 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| A. I (DW) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 1.4 | 2 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 3.2 | 0 | ||
| L. I (M) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.245 | 8 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| L. I (DW) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.245 | 8 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| C. L (M) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.65 | 2 | Additive |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.8 | 4 | ||
| Aspergillus niger | |||||
| A. S (M) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.374 | 4 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| A. S (DW) | 31.25 | 31.24 | 1.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| Z. O (EA) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.52 | 2 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| Z. O (M) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.52 | 2 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| Z. O (DW) | 31.25 | 62.5 | 2.15 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 1.6 | 2 | ||
| M. P (DW) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| N. S (EA) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.52 | 2 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| N. S (M) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| N. S (DW) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.52 | 2 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| L. I (M) | 31.25 | 62.5 | 2.25 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.8 | 4 | ||
| L. I (DW) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.9 | 2 | Additive |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 1.6 | 2 | ||
| C. L (EA) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.245 | 8 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| C. L (M) | 31.25 | 7.8 | 0.365 | 4 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| C. L (DW) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.125 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| Fusarium dimerum | |||||
| Z. O (M) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.25 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.8 | 4 | ||
| M. P (DW) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.65 | 2 | Additive |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.8 | 4 | ||
| N. S (DW) | 31.25 | 31.25 | 1.25 | 0 | Indifferent |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.8 | 4 | ||
| L. I (M) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.24 | 8 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.4 | 8 | ||
| L. I (DW) | 31.25 | 3.9 | 0.374 | 8 | Synergy |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 0.8 | 4 | ||
| C. L (M) | 31.25 | 15.6 | 0.9 | 2 | Additive |
| Amp- B | 3.2 | 1.6 | 2 | ||
MIC, minimum inhibitory concentrations; FICI, fractional inhibitory concentration index; A. S, Allium sativum; Z. O, Zingiber officinale; M. P, Mentha piperita; N. S, Nigella sativa; A. I, Azadirachta indica; L. I, Lawsonia inermis; C. L, Curcuma longa; EA, ethyl acetate extract; M, methanolic extract; DW, distilled water extract; Amp-B, amphotericin-B.