Table 10.
Fisher-type ADF panel unit-root test
| Statistic (lags = 1) | (With drift) | (With trend) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inverse chi-squared (P) | Inverse normal (Z) | Inverse logit t (L*) |
Modified inv. chi-squared (Pm) | Inverse chi-squared (P) | Inverse normal (Z) | Inverse logit t (L*) |
Modified inv. chi-squared (Pm) | |
| LE65 male | 207.631 | − 9.210 | − 9.928 | 13.078 | 54.265 | 2.378 | 2.492 | − 0.695 |
| p–value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.747 | 0.991 | 0.993 | 0.756 |
| LE65 female | 212.218 | − 9.743 | − 10.300 | 13.490 | 44.869 | 2.328 | 2.387 | − 1.538 |
| p–value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.950 | 0.990 | 0.991 | 0.938 |
| lnGDPpc | 148.560 | − 6.729 | − 6.700 | 7.773 | 127.271 | − 3.686 | − 4.095 | 5.862 |
| p–value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| PHE | 184.855 | − 8.575 | − 8.857 | 11.033 | 140.360 | − 2.410 | − 4.301 | 7.037 |
| p–value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.008 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Physicians | 79.126 | − 1.351 | − 1.450 | 1.746 | 182.842 | − 3.655 | − 6.358 | 11.214 |
| p–value | 0.050 | 0.088 | 0.075 | 0.040 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Pensions | 173.485 | − 7.923 | − 8.063 | 10.012 | 71.479 | 1.075 | 1.026 | 0.851 |
| p–value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.192 | 0.859 | 0.847 | 0.197 |
| RiskPoverty male | 219.168 | − 9.880 | − 10.619 | 14.114 | 105.830 | 0.145 | − 1.213 | 3.936 |
| p–value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.558 | 0.113 | 0.000 |
| RiskPoverty female | 151.009 | − 6.992 | − 6.893 | 7.993 | 49.924 | 2.770 | 2.792 | − 1.085 |
| p–value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.865 | 0.997 | 0.997 | 0.861 |
| Education male | 111.076 | − 4.757 | − 4.582 | 4.407 | 170.489 | − 5.654 | − 6.689 | 9.743 |
| p–value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Education female | 64.990 | − 0.640 | − 0.695 | 0.269 | 117.309 | − 4.190 | − 4.299 | 4.967 |
| p–value | 0.373 | 0.261 | 0.244 | 0.394 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| AirPollution | 144.842 | − 7.145 | − 7.156 | 8.395 | 119.244 | − 2.819 | − 3.666 | 5.686 |
| p–value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.002 | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Pesticides | 196.745 | − 8.813 | − 9.612 | 12.882 | 114.500 | − 2.240 | − 2.764 | 5.246 |
| p–value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 0.000 |
| Alcohol | 176.258 | − 7.631 | − 8.027 | 10.261 | 110.467 | − 1.463 | − 2.249 | 4.352 |
| p–value | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.072 | 0.013 | 0.000 |
H0: All panels contain unit roots against H1: At least one panel is stationary