Table 2.
Independent variables description
| Variable name | Abbreviation | Description | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
| Socioeconomic variables | |||
| Economic conditions | |||
| GDP per capita | lnGDPpc | Natural logarithm of the gross domestic product at market prices per capita, chain-linked volumes (2010) (online code nama_10_gdp) | Eurostat |
| Health system conditions | |||
| Public Health Expenditure | PHE | Government schemes and compulsory contributory healthcare financing schemes as a percentage of GDP (online code hlth_sha11_hf) | Eurostat; WHOa |
| Practice Physicians | Physicians | Practising, or closest concept, physicians per 100,000 people | WHO |
| Social and welfare conditions | |||
| Pensions | Pensions | Pensions as percentage of GDP (online code spr_exp_pens) | Eurostat |
| People at risk of poverty | RiskPoverty | Percentage of people at risk of poverty or social exclusion aged 65 years or over, by sex (online code ilc_peps01) | Eurostat |
| Education System conditions | |||
| Tertiary Education | Education | Percentage of population attaining tertiary education (levels 5–8) aged 55–74, by sex (online code edat_lfs_9903) | Eurostat |
| Environmental variables | |||
| Air pollution | AirPollution | Exposure to air pollution of particulates < 2.5 µm (online code sdg_11_50) | Eurostat |
| Pesticides | Pesticides | Pesticides (total) used per area of cropland in kg/ha | FAO |
| Cultural variables | |||
| Alcohol consumption | Alcohol | Pure alcohol consumption in litres per capita, by people older than 15 | WHO |
| Cultural clusters | Cultural clusters: Anglo-Saxon, Eastern Europe, German, Latin Europe, and Nordic | GLOBE; Mensah and Chen (2012) | |
aEurostat is the sole data source for Austria, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden; for the remaining countries, some data were collected from WHO up to 2014