Table 1.
Comparison of the CTA-based sensor in this work with previously reported gel sensors
| Materials | Gauge factor (GF) | Max. strain (%) | Response time | Application of human–machine interface | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MWCNT/MoO3 | 46.3 (< 60%) | 60 | 50 ms | No | [48] |
| PTCM-Gly organohydrogel |
4.15 (< 250%) 8.21 (250–500%) |
500 | N/A | No | [49] |
| PVA-CNF organohydrogel |
1.2 (< 150%) 1.5 (150–400%) |
400 | N/A | No | [50] |
| MASTA–PANI5 |
1.13 (< 110%) 1.61 (110–280%) 2.18 (280–400%) |
400 | N/A | No | [51] |
| HSAH/PHEAA SP-DN eutectogel |
2.49 (< 100%) 6.29 (100–200%) 8.68 (200–300%) 10.47 (300–500%) |
500 | N/A | No | [52] |
| NaCl/SA/PAM hydrogel |
2.0 (< 200%) 2.7 (200–1800%) |
1800 | N/A | No | [53] |
| SFRHs |
0.82 (< 300%) 2.67 (300–1100%) |
1100 | N/A | No | [54] |
| TA@HAP NWs-PVA(W/EG) | 2.84 (< 350%) | 350 | 51 ms | No | [55] |
| HK-M-PAAm hydrogel |
1.79 (< 100%) 5.72 (100–500%) 10.22 (500–1000%) |
1000 | 130 ms | Yes | [56] |
| SGC |
4.135 (< 200%) 8.015 (200–500%) 14.507 (500–1000%) |
1000 | 163.1 ms | No | [57] |
| PAM/PBA-IL3/CNF2 |
3.41 (< 300%) 8.36 (300–1000%) |
1000 | 195 ms | No | [58] |
| PAAN hydrgel |
2.6 (< 300%) 7.8 (300–1210%) 17.9 (1210–1520%) |
1520 | N/A | No | [38] |
| Gelatin/NaCl organohydrogel |
0.75 (< 50%) 2.48 (50–200%) |
200 | N/A | Yes | [18] |
| XSBR/SSCNT |
4.24 (< 170%) 25.98 (170–214%) |
214 | 200 ms | Yes | [7] |
| LM/TPU |
1.35 (< 100%) 2.69 (100–200%) |
200 | N/A | Yes | [59] |
| CTA hydrogel |
4.69 (< 300%) 13.24 (300–700%) 18.54 (700–1248%) |
1248 | 61 ms | Yes | This work |
The significance of bolditalic is to stand out conspicuously