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. 2023 Jan 1;216:114638. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114638

Table 3.

Median levels of Cot and OH-PAHs in different studies.

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Cotinine [μg/L] present study (GER) 1.40 0.60 0.35 <LLOQ1 <LLOQ1 <LLOQ1 <LLOQ1 <LLOQ1 <LLOQ1
NHANES (USA)2 0.30 <LOD3 0.25 0.20 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.09
CHMS (CAN) <LOD4 <LOD4 <LOD4
GerES (GER) <LLOQ5 <LLOQ5
1-OH-Pyr [ng/g creatinine] present study (GER) 92 68 71 72 69 62 66 55 50
NHANES (USA) 80 86 113 117 119 146
CHMS (CAN) 99 88 78
GerES (GER) 80 80
1-Nap [μg/g creatinine] present study (GER) 0.81 0.50 0.40 0.40 0.31 0.30 0.37 0.25 0.25
NHANES (USA) 2.1 1.79 1.98 1.69 1.51 1.28
CHMS (CAN) 1.2 0.99 0.68
GerES (GER)
2-Nap [μg/g creatinine] present study (GER) 0.71 0.88 0.82 0.97 1.17 1.30 1.07 1.50 1.17
NHANES (USA) 1.94 2.56 3.08 3.44 3.33 4.32 4.77
CHMS (CAN) 3.40 4.10 3.80
GerES (GER)
1-OH-Phe [ng/g creatinine] present study (GER) 175 144 118 133 116 140 168 121 132
NHANES (USA) 87 141 140 137 130 134 104
CHMS (CAN) 14 14 13
GerES (GER) 400 270
2-OH-Phe [ng/g creatinine] present study (GER) 62 57 54 57 52 60 63 42 42
NHANES (USA) 53 52 57 60 62 62
CHMS (CAN) 62 56 51
GerES (GER)
3-OH-Phe [ng/g creatinine] present study (GER) 103 78 68 61 71 73 88 58 67
NHANES (USA) 87 100 88 91 68 63
CHMS (CAN) 79 82 71
GerES (GER) 250 190
4-OH-Phe [ng/g creatinine] present study (GER) 21 24 16 23 21 26 24 17 17
NHANES (USA) 23 27 22
CHMS (CAN) 22 19 18
GerES (GER)
9-OH-Phe [ng/g creatinine] present study (GER) 96 83 59 74 84 65 98 52 80
NHANES (USA)
CHMS (CAN) 32 32 32
GerES (GER)

1 LLOQ = 0.2 μg/L; 2 calculated from serum cotinine levels [μg/L] according to Benowitz et al. (2009); 3 LOD = 0.015 ng/mL; 4 LOD in urine 1.0 μg/L and 1.1 μg/L; 5 LLOQ = 4 μg/L.