Fig. 4.

Combination of neoantigen vaccines with other therapied for cancer. a Combination of neoantigen vaccines with ICI therapy such as anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 could relieve exhaustion of T cells and APCs; b Combination with TCR therapy, T cells were engineered with neoantigens-specific TCR to kill tumor cells; c T cells were equipped with neoantigens-specific CAR which could effectively recognize tumor cells which expressed neoantigens. Even neoantigen can be a CAR ligand to be transferred to the surface of DCs, activating the neoantigen-CAR T cells; d Cytokines induce the expansion of DCs or enhance the activity of T cells to improve the anti-tumor immunity