Table 2.
Associations between subjective memory concerns and cognition in the linear mixed modela
| Differences in | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognitive performance at wave 2 (column a) | Cognitive change between waves over the subsequent 8 years (column b) | |||
| β2b (95% CI) | P value | β3b (95% CI) | P value | |
| CVLT immediate recall | 0.02* | 0.24 | ||
| “Remitting” vs “no” | −0.23 (−0.43, −0.02)* | 0.03* | 0.03 (−0.08, 0.15) | 0.59 |
| “New-onset” vs “no” | −0.25 (−0.45, −0.04)* | 0.02* | 0.12 (0, 0.23)* | 0.05* |
| “Sustained” vs “no” | −0.12 (−0.33, 0.1) | 0.29 | −0.01 (−0.13, 0.11) | 0.90 |
| CVLT delayed recall | 0.36 | 0.20 | ||
| “Remitting” vs “no” | −0.14 (−0.36, 0.08) | 0.23 | −0.04 (−0.24, 0.17) | 0.72 |
| “New-onset” vs “no” | −0.15 (−0.37, 0.07) | 0.19 | 0.11 (−0.09, 0.32) | 0.28 |
| “Sustained” vs “no” | −0.09 (−0.32, 0.15) | 0.47 | −0.19 (−0.41, 0.02) | 0.08 |
| Symbol Digit Modalities | 0.10 | 0.15 | ||
| “Remitting” vs “no” | −0.13 (−0.36, 0.09) | 0.24 | −0.08 (−0.16, 0) | 0.06 |
| “New-onset” vs “no” | −0.07 (−0.29, 0.16) | 0.56 | 0.02 (−0.06, 0.1) | 0.68 |
| “Sustained” vs “no” | −0.28 (−0.51, −0.04)* | 0.02* | 0.05 (−0.04, 0.14) | 0.27 |
| Trails A | 0.04* | 0.27 | ||
| “Remitting” vs “no” | 1.08 (1.01, 1.15)* | 0.02* | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) | 0.57 |
| “New-onset” vs “no” | 1.06 (1, 1.14) | 0.06 | 0.97 (0.94, 1) | 0.08 |
| “Sustained” vs “no” | 1 (0.93, 1.07) | 0.97 | 1.01 (0.98, 1.05) | 0.51 |
| Trails B | 0.73 | 0.94 | ||
| “Remitting” vs “no” | 1.01 (0.93, 1.09) | 0.81 | 1.01 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.79 |
| “New-onset” vs “no” | 1.03 (0.95, 1.11) | 0.47 | 1 (0.97, 1.04) | 0.82 |
| “Sustained” vs “no” | 1.04 (0.96, 1.13) | 0.35 | 0.99 (0.95, 1.03) | 0.61 |
| Digit span backwards | 0.05* | 0.36 | ||
| “Remitting” vs “no” | 0.2 (−0.02, 0.41) | 0.07 | −0.04 (−0.14, 0.05) | 0.37 |
| “New-onset” vs “no” | −0.12 (−0.33, 0.1) | 0.29 | 0.07 (−0.02, 0.17) | 0.14 |
| “Sustained” vs “no” | −0.19 (−0.42, 0.04) | 0.10 | 0.01 (−0.1, 0.11) | 0.91 |
| Purdue pegboard (dominant) | 0.31 | 0.70 | ||
| “Remitting” vs “no” | −0.17 (−0.39, 0.05) | 0.13 | 0.03 (−0.09, 0.15) | 0.58 |
| “New-onset” vs “no” | −0.11 (−0.33, 0.11) | 0.31 | −0.06 (−0.18, 0.06) | 0.33 |
| “Sustained” vs “no” | −0.11 (−0.34, 0.13) | 0.37 | −0.02 (−0.14, 0.11) | 0.76 |
| Purdue pegboard (non-dominant) | 0.01* | 0.15 | ||
| “Remitting” vs “no” | −0.26 (−0.49, −0.03)* | 0.03* | −0.02 (−0.15, 0.11) | 0.74 |
| “New-onset” vs “no” | 0.01 (−0.22, 0.24) | 0.92 | −0.15 (−0.27, −0.02)* | 0.03* |
| “Sustained” vs “no” | −0.34 (−0.58, −0.09)* | 0.007* | 0.03 (−0.11, 0.16) | 0.67 |
| Purdue pegboard (both) | 0.56 | 0.68 | ||
| “Remitting” vs “no” | −0.1 (−0.33, 0.13) | 0.39 | −0.05 (−0.17, 0.07) | 0.45 |
| “New-onset” vs “no” | −0.13 (−0.36, 0.1) | 0.27 | 0.03 (−0.09, 0.15) | 0.60 |
| “Sustained” vs “no” | −0.08 (−0.32, 0.16) | 0.52 | −0.05 (−0.17, 0.08) | 0.44 |
CVLT denotes California Verbal Learning Test, CI confidence interval
aCVLT immediate recall, Symbol Digit Modalities, Trails A and B, digit span backwards and Purdue pegboard wave 2 to wave 4; CVLT delayed recall wave 2 to wave 3. For CVLT delayed recall, it is the subsequent 4 years, rather than 8 years
bCognitive test scores = intercept + β1 X time (i.e. wave 2 coded as 0, wave 3 coded as 1 and wave 4 coded as 2) + β2 X subjective memory concerns category (0 = ”no”, 1 = ”remitting”, 2 = ”new-onset”, 3 = ”sustained”) + β3 X time X subjective memory concerns category + adjusted variables
Adjusted for age, sex, English speaking, education, symptoms of anxiety and/or depression, body mass index, self-reported diabetes, hypertension, traumatic brain injury, smoking and physical activity
Time (seconds) used for trail making tests part A and B was log-transformed to form normal distributions. For ease of interpretation, we exponentiated the coefficients for trail making tests part A and B, e.g. an exponentiated coefficient of 1.01 represents a 1% increase in time