Figure 3.

TRIM16 promotes migration and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells by modulating aerobic glycolysis. A. KEGG analysis of iTRAQ data revealed that the top down-regulated gene set in TRIM16-silenced cells was associated with glycolysis. B-D. Glucose consumption, lactate production, and ATP levels in PANC-1 and CaPan-1 cells stably transfected with the TRIM16-overexpressing vector (His-TRIM16). Three independent experiments were performed. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. E, F. ECAR data showing the glycolytic rate and capacity in PANC-1 and CaPan-1 cells stably transfected with the TRIM16-overexpressing vector. Glucose (10 mM), oligomycin (1.0 μM) and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG, 50 mM) were sequentially injected into each well at the indicated time points. *P<0.05. G. Transwell migration and transwell invasion assays of PANC-1 cells transfected with TRIM16-overexpressing vector with or without the glycolytic inhibitor 2-DG. The image was captured at 400 × magnification. Scale bar, 50 μm. *P<0.05. H. PANC-1 cells transfected with TRIM16-overexpressing vector were injected into the tail vein of nude mice, and oral administration of 2-DG from the date of injection. The incidence of liver metastasis was measured after 6-8 weeks. n = 6, **P<0.01. I. Representative image (left; magnification: × 100) and quantification (right) of H&E staining of liver metastatic nodules. n = 6. Scale bar, 50 μm. *P<0.05.