Table 1.

Clinical Studies of VEGF/VEGFR blockade in MPE

Type of clinical research	Primary disease	Drug	Intervention	Patients number	*Control rate of MPE (PECR) or OR	Ref.
Retrospective study	NSCLC	Conventional chemotherapy plus bevacizumab (15 mg/kg)	Intravenous	13	PECR: 92.3%	[75]
Prospective study	Lung adenocarcinoma	Platinum-paclitaxel plus bevacizumab (15 mg/kg)	Intravenous	23	PECR: 91.3%	[76]
Prospective study	NSCLC	Carboplatin-pemetrexed and bevacizumab (15 mg/kg)	Intravenous	28	PECR: 92.9%	[77]
Prospective study	NSCLC	Chemotherapy plus bevacizumab (15 mg/kg)	Intravenous	20	PECR: 80%	[78]
Prospective study	NSCLC	Cisplatin (30 mg) plus bevacizumab (300 mg)	Intrapleural injection	72	OR: 83.33%	[80]
Retrospective study	NSCLC	Pemetrexed (100-600 mg) plus bevacizumab (200 mg)	Intrapleural injection	45	OR: 86.36%	[81]

^*The pleural effusion control rate (PECR) was described as the proportion of patients without reaccumulation of MPE for eight weeks from the initiation of treatment. *Complete remission (CR) was defined as when the pleural fluid had disappeared and lasted for at least four weeks; partial remission (PR) was defined as when >50% of the pleural fluid had disappeared, symptoms had improved, and the fluid did not increase for at least four weeks; OR, overall response was the sum of CR and PR.