Figure 1.

Blockade of β-adrenergic receptors by propranolol inhibits tumor growth under chronic restraint stress. A. Schematic of the animal experiment. B. Volume of tumor mass. Propranolol attenuated tumor growth under chronic restraint stress. (n = 6. One mouse each died in the control group and the stress + propranolol group respectively at the end of the restraint progress on day 18. A single outlier in the control group from Day 18 was rejected by Dixon’s Q test at 95% confidence). C. Changes in body weight of mice during the animal experiment procedure. D. Wet weight of final dissected tumor mass. E. Wet weight of final dissected thymus. All data are shown as mean ± SEM. *P < .05, **P < .01, ***P < .001 vs. control group; #P < .05, ###P < .001 vs. stress group.