Table 2.
Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses for OS in four cohorts
| Discovery cohort D1a |
Validation cohort V1 |
Validation cohort V2 |
Validation cohort V3 |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | HR (95% CI) | p value | |
| Univariable analysis | ||||||||
| Age at surgery (years) | ||||||||
| ≥65 vs. ＜65 | 2.04 [1.24, 3.36] | 0.005 | 1.08 [0.57, 2.02] | 0.814 | 1.39 [0.57, 3.41] | 0.468 | 1.37 [0.91, 2.08] | 0.133 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female vs. male | 0.49 [0.29, 0.83] | 0.007 | 0.43 [0.22, 0.85] | 0.015 | 0.95 [0.46, 1.95] | 0.894 | 0.83 [0.55, 1.25] | 0.371 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Former/current vs. never | 2.00 [1.19, 3.34] | 0.008 | 2.04 [1.11, 3.75] | 0.021 | 0.69 [0.32, 1.51] | 0.351 | 1.35 [0.70, 2.61] | 0.372 |
| TNM stage | ||||||||
| Stage III vs. stage I/II | 5.54 [3.30, 9.30] | <0.001 | 2.02 [1.13, 3.61] | 0.018 | 3.48 [1.69, 7.14] | <0.001 | 2.27 [1.35, 3.81] | 0.002 |
| Tumor site | ||||||||
| Upper/middle vs. lower | 1.39 [0.80, 2.44] | 0.243 | 1.38 [0.76, 2.51] | 0.296 | 1.01 [0.49, 2.07] | 0.986 | 0.82 [0.54, 1.26] | 0.367 |
| WELL scoreb | ||||||||
| High vs. low | 2.68 [1.56–4.62] | <0.001 | 3.05 [1.36–6.83] | 0.004 | 2.39 [0.98–5.84] | 0.049 | 1.99 [0.96–4.13] | 0.058 |
| Multivariable analysis | ||||||||
| Age at surgery (years) | ||||||||
| ≥65 vs. ＜65 | 2.29 [1.38, 3. 81] | 0.001 | 1.29 [0.67, 2.47] | 0.445 | 1.26 [0.50, 3.22] | 0.625 | 1.30 [0.85, 1.98] | 0.232 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female vs. male | 0.60 [0.33, 1.09] | 0.129 | 0.58 [0.22, 1.57] | 0.285 | 0.81 [0.31, 2.11] | 0.662 | 0.78 [0.51, 1.18] | 0.237 |
| Smoking status | ||||||||
| Former/current vs. never | 1.30 [0.71, 2.36] | 0.366 | 1.59 [0.64, 3.93] | 0.316 | 0.57 [0.20, 1.60] | 0.286 | 1.29 [0.66, 2.52] | 0.458 |
| TNM stage | ||||||||
| Stage III vs. stage I/II | 5.39 [3.14, 9.24] | <0.001 | 1.92 [1.06, 3.45] | 0.030 | 3.20 [1.53, 6.68] | 0.002 | 1.95 [1.14, 3.34] | 0.015 |
| WELL scoreb | ||||||||
| High vs. low | 1.95 [1.12, 3.41] | 0.019 | 3.65 [1.61, 8.27] | 0.002 | 2.06 [0.83, 5.07] | 0.118 | 1.91 [0.91, 3.99] | 0.085 |
a
D1 is the discovery cohort.
b
Continuous variables DLCE score and DLCS score were employed for Cox modeling, and the coefficients of the two variables in terms of OS were −0.4181 and −0.4400, respectively. We combined the two variables into a score through linear weighting, which was named WELL score, WELL score = −0.4181∗LDCE score −0.4400∗LDCS score.