Table 3.

Performance metrics of the full model (integrated WELL score and clinicopathologic characteristics) and reference models in the discovery and validation cohorts

Cohort	Model	C-index	iAUC	AIC
Discovery cohort (D1)	TNM stage	0.651 (0.592–0.710)	0.634	629.2
	WELL score	0.622 (0.563–0.681)	0.618	650.2
	TNM_WELL	0.709 (0.646–0.772)	0.700	622.9
	Clinicopathologic	0.723 (0.658–0.788)	0.715	618.9
	Full	0.751 (0.686–0.815)	0.743	614.0
Validation cohort 1 (V1)	TNM stage	0.586 (0.511–0.661)	0.590	417.4
	WELL score	0.589 (0.523–0.655)	0.609	413.7
	TNM_WELL	0.627 (0.548–0.707)	0.659	411.4
	Clinicopathologic	0.596 (0.512–0.680)	0.593	417.9
	Full	0.622 (0.535–0.709)	0.664	413.0
Validation cohort 2 (V2)	TNM stage	0.632 (0.547–0.717)	0.634	267.2
	WELL score	0.587 (0.509–0.664)	0.587	273.5
	TNM_WELL	0.679 (0.592–0.767)	0.676	264.3
	Clinicopathologic	0.650 (0.556–0.744)	0.648	267.0
	Full	0.683 (0.593–0.773)	0.684	264.3
Validation cohort 3 (V3)	TNM stage	0.565 (0.516–0.613)	0.552	853.4
	WELL score	0.527 (0.488–0.565)	0.543	857.3
	TNM_WELL	0.585 (0.531–0.639)	0.580	850.7
	Clinicopathologic	0.586 (0.521–0.651)	0.575	852.5
	Full	0.596 (0.529–0.663)	0.597	850.3