Figure 2.

Comparative metabolomics of the Chow saline, DIO saline, and DIO liraglutide groups. A, principal component analysis (PCA) plot of features. B, heatmap of 647 annotated metabolites. The color bar indicates Z-score (from −1–1). C, one-way ANOVA plot of signature metabolites among the three groups, including 377 metabolites that showed significant differences. D‒I, pairwise comparisons between the indicated groups. D, F, and H, volcano plots. The numbers of upregulated and downregulated metabolites in each tissue are shown as bar graphs. Fold change is abbreviated as FC. E, G, and I, metabolite set enrichment analyses. Red circles, upregulated metabolic pathways; blue circles, downregulated metabolic pathways; the corresponding p values are indicated above and below the plots in the same colors. Circle size indicates the expected enrichment value for a metabolic pathway. sig., significant (darker color indicates higher p values); non-sig., nonsignificant (gray); DIO, diet-induced obese.