Figure 3.

Metabolic alterations induced by liraglutide in the hypothalamus. A, PCA plot of features and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) plot. B, one-way ANOVA plot of signature metabolites among the three groups, including 30 metabolites that showed significant differences. C, variable influence on projection (VIP) score plot (cut-off ≥ 1.2). Color key shows the levels of metabolites and their categories. D, circular plot of metabolic pathways based on metabolite set enrichment analysis (p < 0.05). Metabolites are shown in light gray and metabolic pathways in various colors. The metabolic pathways increased in each group compared to Chow saline or DIO saline are indicated by red arrows. E, flow charts of metabolome changes. Upregulation is shown in red and downregulation in blue. The numbers of upregulated and downregulated metabolites are shown in gray, and the corresponding percentages are shown in bar graphs. sig., significant (darker color indicates higher p values); non-sig., nonsignificant (gray); DIO, diet-induced obese; PCA, principal component analysis.