Figure 5.

Metabolic alterations in the liver by liraglutide. A, PCA and PLS-DA plots of features. B, one-way ANOVA plot of signature metabolites among the three groups, including 66 metabolites that showed significant differences. C, VIP score plot (cut-off ≥ 1.2). Color key shows the levels of metabolites and their categories. D, circular plot of metabolic pathways based on metabolite set enrichment analysis (p < 0.05). Metabolites are shown in light gray and in various colors. The metabolic pathways increased and decreased in each group compared to Chow saline or DIO saline are indicated by red and blue arrows, respectively. E, flow chart of metabolome changes. Upregulation is shown in red and downregulation in blue. The numbers of upregulated and downregulated metabolites are shown in gray, and the corresponding percentages are shown in bar graphs. sig., significant (darker color indicates higher p values); non-sig., nonsignificant (gray); DIO, diet-induced obese; PCA, principal component analysis; PLS-DA, partial least squares discriminant analysis; VIP, variable influence on projection.