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. 2022 Nov 24;13:1042778. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1042778

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Copyright © 2022 Tang, Xiong, Fang and Li

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Construction of the intestinal epithelial barrier (By Figdraw). The intestinal epithelial barrier is mainly formed by a layer of epithelial cells joined together by the apical junctional complex (APC), including tight junctions, adherent junctions, and desmosomes. The tight junctions constitute the major determinant of the intestinal physical barrier, which is mainly composed of Claudin, Occludin and junctional adhesion protein molecule-A (JAM-A), zonula occludens (ZO)-1, Myosin, F-actin, and Myosin light chain kinase (MLCK).