Table 1.
Characteristics of the included studies.
| Author, year (Trial N) | Country | Diagnosis | Study design | Use | Days follow-up | N treatment (% females) | N control (% females) | Mean age (SD) treatment | Mean age (SD) control | Treatment | Control |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alizadeh et al. (2015) (IRCT1388110 22935N2) |
Iran | MDD | RCT | Anesthesia for ECT | 6 ECT sessions | 22 (72.7%) | 20 (65%) | 34.3 (10.7) | 35.1 (12.4) | Ketamine (0.3 mg/kg) + Propofol + ECT | PBO + Propofol + ECT |
| Anderson et al. (2017) (ISRCTN14689382/ EudraCT 2011-005476-41) |
UK | Unipolar and Bipolar Depression | RCT | Anesthesia for ECT | 28 | 33 (66.7%) | 37 (59.5%) | 52.2 (11.9) | 56.4 (12.4) | Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) + ECT | PBO + ECT |
| Chen et al. (2018) (NR) | Taiwan | TRD | RCT | IV therapy | 14 | 24 (87.5%) | 24 (62.5%) | 48.5 (11.0) | 48.6 (8.1) | Ketamine 0.5 mg/kg | PBO |
| Domany et al. (2020) (NCT01887990) | US | Depression (any type) | RCT | IV therapy | 3 | 9 (65.6%) | 9 (65.6%) | 35.1 (8.7) | 35.8 (9.9) | Ketamine 0.2 mg/kg | PBO |
| Dong et al. (2019) (NCT02305394) | China | MDD | RCT | Anesthesia for ECT | 28 | 43 (58.1%) | 45 (51.1%) | 36.8 (15.1) | 35.7 (12.8) | Ketamine (0.3 mg/kg) + ECT | PBO + ECT |
| Fedgchin et al. (2019) (NCT02417064) | US | MDD | RCT | Intranasal spray therapy | 28 | 115 (70.4%) | 113 (71.7%) | 46.4 (11.2) | 46.8 (11.4) | Esketamine (56 mg) + AD | PBO + AD |
| Fernie et al. (2017) (NCT01306760) | UK | MDD | RCT | Anesthesia for ECT | 28 | 20 (55%) | 20 (55%) | 51.8 (10.0) | 49.9 (12.5) | Ketamine (0.5–1 mg/kg) + ECT | Propofol + ECT |
| Keilp et al. (2021) (NCT01700829) | US | MDD | RCT | IV therapy | 1 | 39 (56.4%) | 39 (64.1%) | 37.2 (12.9) | 39.6 (13) | Ketamine 0.5 mg/kg | Midazolam 0.02 mg/kg |
| Kheirabadi et al. (2019) (IRCT201104092266N2) | Iran | MDD | RCT | IV therapy | 28 | 16 (25%) | 15 (33.3%) | 41.7 (12.9) | 36.4 (14.1) | Ketamine 0.5 mg/kg | Thiopental (3 mg/kg) + ECT |
| Loo et al. (2012) (NCT00680433) | Australia | MDD | RCT | Anesthesia for ECT | 28 | 22 (50%) | 24 (70.8%) | 45.2(15.6) | 41.4(12.0) | Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) + ECT | PBO + ECT |
| Murrough et al. (2015) (NCT01507181) | US | Transdiagnostic Suicidality | RCT | IV therapy | 7 | 12 (66.7%) | 12 (66.7%) | 45.8 (15.2) | 39.1 (10.6) | Ketamine 0.5 mg/kg | Midazolam |
| Ochs-Ross et al. (2020) (NCT02422186) | US | TRD | RCT | Intranasal spray therapy | 28 | 72 (62.5%) | 65 (61.5%) | 70.6 (4.8) | 69.4 (4.2) | Esketamine 28–84 mg + AD | PBO + AD |
| Price et al. (2014) (NCT00768430) | US | TRD | RCT | IV therapy | 1 | 36 (56%) | 21 (48%) | 48.6 (11.4) | 43.8 (10.9) | Ketamine 0.5 mg/kg | Midazolam 0.045 mg/kg |
| Rasmussen et al. (2014) (NR)a | US | Depression (any type) | RCT | Anesthesia for ECT | 6 ECT sessions | 21 (71.2%) | 17 (47.1%) | 47.0 (13.2) | 48.6 (7.2) | Ketamine (1.05 mg/kg mean) + ECT | Methohexital (1.04 mg/kg mean) + ECT |
| Ray-Griffith et al. (2017) (NR) | US | Unipolar and Bipolar Depression | RCT | Anesthesia for ECT | 21 | 8 (75%) | 8 (87.5%) | 43.6 (14.6) | 38.1 (13.9) | Ketamine (1 mg/kg mean) + ECT | Methohexital (1 mg/kg) + ECT |
| Singh et al. (2016) (NCT01640080) | US | TRD | RCT | IV therapy | 3 | 11 (64%) | 10 (60%) | 41.8 (11.6) | 42.7 (10.9) | Ketamine 0.4 mg/kg | PBO |
| Taylor et al. (2018) (NCT02083926) | US | SAD | RCT crossover | IV therapy | 14 | 9 (22.2%) | 9 (55.6%) | 30.78 (13.5) | 28.67 (8.7) | Ketamine 0.5 mg/kg | PBO |
| Yoosefi et al. (2014) (IRCT201201247202N3)a | Iran | MDD | RCT | Anesthesia for ECT | 28 | 17 (41.2%) | 14 (46.7%) | 40.9 (NR) | 47 (NR) | Ketamine (1–2 mg/kg) + ECT | Thiopental (2–3 mg/kg) + ECT |
| Zarate et al. (2012) (NCT00088699) | US | Bipolar Depression | RCT crossover | IV therapy | 1 | 40 (NR) | 38 (NR) | 46.7 (10.4) | 46.7 (10.4) | Ketamine 0.5 mg/kg + Lithium or Valproate | PBO + Lithium or Valproate |
| Zhang et al. (2018) (NR) | China | Unipolar and Bipolar Depression | RCT | Anesthesia for ECT | 28 | 43 (55.8%) | 34 (50%) | 31.47 (11.5) | 28.6 (8.1) | Ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) + Propofol + ECT | Propofol + ECT |
| Zhong et al. (2016) (NR) | China | TRD | RCT | Anesthesia for ECT | 21 | 30 (53.3%) | 30 (66.7%) | 32.1 (9.9) | 29.2 (8.0) | Ketamine (0.8 mg/kg) + ECT | Propofol + ECT |
| Zou et al. (2021) (ChiCTR1800015082) | China | Depression (any type) | RCT | Anesthesia for ECT | 28 | 76 (56.5%) | 81 (58%) | 65.76 (4.0) | 65.6 (3.9) | Ketamine (0.3 mg/kg) + Propofol + ECT | PBO + Propofol + ECT |
NR, not reported; UK, United Kingdom; US, United States of America; MDD, major depressive disorder; TRD, treatment-resistant depression; PTSD, post-traumatic stress disorder; SAD, social anxiety disorder; RCT, randomized controlled trial; ECT, electroconvulsive therapy; IV, intravenous; AD, antidepressant; TIMBER, trauma interventions using mindfulness-based extinction and reconsolidation; PBO, placebo.
a
Not included in the quantitative synthesis.