Table 1.
Characteristics of subjects classified by clinicopathologic stages of AD.
| Characteristics | Non-AD | Preclinical AD | Prodromal AD | AD dementia | Statistical analysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 20 | 9 | 11 | 17 | n/a |
| Age | 86.5 (4.43) | 87.1 (7.24) | 88.6 (5.71) | 87.1 (5.26) | F(53) = 0.36; p = 0.78 |
| Men (%) | 45 | 11.1 | 36.4 | 29.4 | χ2(3) = 3.39; p = 0.34 |
| APOE ε4 carriers (%) | 10* | 55.6 | 45.5 | 41.2 | χ2(3) = 8.10; p = 0.04 |
| Years of education | 18.5 (3.61) | 18.7 (4.12) | 17.5 (3.24) | 18.1 (2.38) | F(53) = 0.29; p = 0.83 |
| MMSE score | 25.6 (4.15) | 27.2 (1.56) | 25.1 (2.98) | 15.8 (8.59)* | F(53) = 13.3; p < 0.0001 |
| Clinical diagnosis (NCI/MCI/Dementia) | 10/8/2 | 9/0/0 | 0/11/0 | 0/0/17 | |
| Postmortem interval, hours | 7.14 (4.66) | 7.73 (6.87) | 8.67 (5.70) | 6.99 (4.12) | F(51) = 0.27; p = 0.85 |
| Cerebellar pH | 6.40 (0.33) | 6.25 (0.33) | 6.29 (0.27) | 6.31 (0.44) | F(53) = 0.46; p = 0.71 |
| Prevalence of infarcts (%) | 30 | 22.2 | 27.3 | 17.6 | χ2(3) = 0.83; p = 0.84 |
| Prevalence of CAA (%) | 25 | 44.4 | 44.5 | 47.1 | χ2(3) = 3.06; p = 0.38 |
| pS409/410 insoluble TDP-43 | 7.63 (5.58) | 6.40 (4.80) | 10.7 (5.01) | 9.66 (4.97) | F(53) = 1.53; p = 0.22 |
| pS409/410 soluble TDP-43 | 97.0 (25.6) | 100 (28.6) | 96.9 (16.7) | 84.8 (15.4) | F(53) = 1.41; p = 0.25 |
| Thal stages 0/1/2/3/4/5 (N) | 7/11/2/2/0/0 | 0/2/0/3/1/3 | 0/0/0/7/3/2 | 0/1/0/5/4/7 | |
| Braak stages I/II/III/IV/V (N) | 3/4/9/6/0 | 0/0/3/6/0 | 0/0/4/7/1 | 0/0/5/2/10 | |
| CERAD stages 4/3/2/1 (N) | 14/4/4/0 | 0/1/6/2 | 1/1/6/4 | 0/1/4/12 | |
| Episodic memory CS | −0.05 (0.87) | 0.04 (0.35) | −0.42 (0.62) | −1.97 (1.17)* | F(53) = 17.74; p < 0.0001 |
| Semantic memory CS | −0.21 (0.76) | −0.28 (0.35) | −0.52 (0.60) | −1.48 (1.22)* | F(53) = 7.63; p = 0.0002 |
| Working memory CS | −0.26 (0.44) | −0.15 (0.58) | −0.71 (0.69) | −0.94 (0.92)2 | F(53) = 4.30; p = 0.009 |
| Processing speed CS | −0.77 (1.08) | −0.21 (0.78) | −0.94 (0.71) | −2.10 (0.87)* | F(53) = 10.67; p < p < 0.0001 |
| Visuospatial ability CS | −0.10 (0.76) | −0.41 (0.56) | −0.24 (0.68) | −1.06 (0.98)3 | F(53) = 4.93; p = 0.004 |
| General cognition CS | −0.20 (0.57) | −0.11 (0.30) | −0.52 (0.38) | −1.65 (0.87)* | F(53) = 20.5; p < 0.0001 |
Non-AD: either “not” or “low” score of neuropathological change on the ABC scale; AD: either “intermediate” or “high” score on the ABC scale; Preclinical AD: no cognitive impairment along with AD; Prodromal AD: AD neuropathology in the presence of a mild cognitive impairment; CAA: cerebral amyloid angiopathy; TDP-43: transactive response DNA binding protein 43; *p < 0.05 versus all other groups; 2p < 0.05 versus Non-AD and Preclinical AD; 3p < 0.05 versus Non-AD and Prodromal AD.