Table 4.

Modern pharmacological studies of Taxillus chinensis (DC.) Danser

Bioactivities	Model	Extracts or compound	Method of administration	Dosage	Mechanism	References
Anti-inflammatory	RAW 264.7 macrophages	The whole dried plant/water/ethanol extracts	/	60 mg/mL	Inhibiting NO and TNF-α production	[52]
	RAW 264.7 macrophages	The whole plant/quercetin	/	2.5, 5, 10, 20 μg/ml	Inhibiting NO production and the protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner	[7]
	Xylene-induced ear edema mice	The whole plant/water extracts	Intragastric administration	0.5, 1.0 mg/kg b/w	Reducing the extent of ear edema	[55]
	Collagen-induced arthritis mice	The whole plant/quercetin	Intragastric administration	50, 100 mg/kg b/w	Inhibiting ankle mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial oxidative stress	[4]
Antioxidant	DPPH radical	The whole dried plant/water/ethanol extracts	/	60 mg/mL	Exhibiting good free radical scavenging ability	[52]
	yeast model	The whole dried plant/water/ethanol extracts	/	60 mg/mL	Showing higher survival rates	[52]
	DPPH radical	Dried stem/the crude polysaccharide extract	/	10 mg/mL	Exhibiting significant scavenging ability, with scavenging capacities more than 400 µM ascorbate equiv/g	[68]
	Saccharomyces cerevisiae BY4734	Dried stem/the purified polysaccharide	/	10 mg/mL	TCP-2, TCP-3, UC-1 and UC-2 displaying significant antioxidant activity	[68]
Anticancer	Human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT116 and SW480	The whole plant/70% ethanol extracts	/	25, 50, 100 μg/ml	Inhibiting human colorectal cancer cells through GSK3β-dependent cyclin D1 degradation	[73]
	Human colon cancer HT-29 cells	Taxilli heba/water extracts	/	0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8 g/mL	Inhibiting the proliferation, invasion, and migration of human colon cancer cells via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway	[74]
	Human leukemia cell lines HL-60 and K562	The whole plant/extracts	/	50, 100, 200, 400 μg/ml	Inhibiting cell proliferation	[75]
	Human leukemia U937 cells	Quercetin	/	10, 20 μM	Promoting the reversible G2/M phase arrest of U937 cells	[80]
	Myeloid cell line P39	Quercetin	/	10, 50, 100 μM	Decreasing expression of BcL2, BcL-xL and McL-1 expression, increasing Bax expression	[81]
	Liver cancer cells (HuH-7 cells, HepG-2 cells)	Procyanidin B1	/	0, 5, 50, 500 μM	Inhibiting the Kv10.1 channel in a concentration-dependent manner	[82]
	Xenograft mice	Procyanidin B1	Subcutaneous injection	15 mg/kg b/w	Inhibiting the growth of the tumor	[82]
	MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines	Procyanidin C1	/	6.25 ~ 100 μg/mL	Inducing DNA damage, arresting the cell cycle, Decreasing Bcl-2 levels, and increasing the expression of BAX, caspase 3 and 9 in cells	[83]
	Human liver cancer cells Bel-7402 and human stomach cancer cells MGC-823	Lectins	/	6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/mL	Inhibiting the growth of cells	[86]
Antimicrobial and anti-virus	Vero E6 cells	The dried stem, with leave of the plant/water–ethanol extracts	/	0, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg/mL	Inhibiting SARS-CoV 3CL protease activity	[87]
	HBsAg	The whole plant/10% water extract	/	20, 40, 80, 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2500 μg/50 μL	Exhibiting good inhibitory effect on HbsAg	[88]
	DHBV-infected ducklings	Chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, quinic acid	Intragastric administration	100 mg/kg b/w	Reducing the DHBV viremia	[89]
Diuretic	Anesthetized dogs	Avicularin	Intravenous injection	0.5 mg/kg b/w	Exhibiting diuresis	[95, 96]
	Rats	Avicularin	Intragastric administration or injection	34 mg/kg b/w	Exhibiting significant diuretic effect	[95, 96]
Anti-hypertensive	Spontaneously hypertensive rats	Taxilli herba	Intragastric administration	1.48, 5.90 g/kg b/w	Increasing SOD activity, increasing NO release in serum, and decreasing AngII and ET-1 levels in plasma	[102]
	Renal hypertensive rats	Quercetin	Intragastric administration	30 mg/kg b/w	Decreasing blood pressure, reducing the concentration of free calcium ions in renal artery smooth muscle cells	[103]
Anti-hyperglycemic	Hyperglycemia mice induced by streptozotocin	Total flavonoids	Intragastric administration	100, 200, 400 mg/kg b/w	Reducing the serum TC and TG levels and increase the serum HDL-G content of mice	[107]
	Diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin (STZ)	Total flavonoids	Intragastric administration	150, 300, 600 mg/kg b/w	Inhibiting lipid peroxidation in mice, protecting thymus atrophy and improving insulin resistance in diabetic mice	[108]
	HepG 2 cells	Taxilli herba	/	0.1, 0.01, 0.001 mg/mL	Promoting the metabolism of peripheral tissues and improving the sensitivity of liver cells to insulin	[109]
	Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model mice	The dried plant/Ethanol extract	Intragastric administration	7.5, 15, 30 g/kg b/w	Improving high blood glucose level, liver and kidney complications, and protecting liver and kidney function	[110]