Table 3.
Association between catheter types and other parameters.
| Parameters | Antimicrobial-impregnated catheters, n (%) (N = 791) | Conventional catheters, n (%) (N = 1,242) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Gestational age at birth (weeks) | 28.8 ± 3.24 (median 29, IQR 26, 31) | 30.1 ± 4.39 (median 29, IQR 27, 32) | <0.001 |
| <28 weeks | 315 (39.8%) | 340 (27.4%) | <0.001 |
| 28 to <32 weeks | 342 (43.2%) | 547 (44.0%) | |
| 32 to 36 weeks | 120 (15.2%) | 191 (15.4%) | |
| >36 weeks | 14 (1.8%) | 164 (13.2%) | |
| Age at insertion (days) | 6.3 ± 10.85 (median 2, IQR 1, 8) | 11.1 ± 25.9 (median 1, IQR 1, 9) | <0.001 |
| Birth weight (g) | 1,192.1 ± 410.3 (median 1,150, IQR 900, 1,450) | 1,439.5 ± 800.8 (median 1,240, IQR 920, 1,520) | <0.001 |
| <1,000 g | 282 (35.7%) | 381 (30.7%) | <0.001 |
| 1,000 to <1,500 g | 339 (42.9%) | 521 (41.9%) | |
| 1,500 to 2,500 g | 158 (20.0%) | 182 (14.7%) | |
| >2,500 g | 12 (1.5%) | 158 (12.7%) | |
| Dwell time (days) | 17.73 ± 17.532 (median 13, IQR 9, 18) | 14.30 ± 10.964 (median 12, IQR 8, 17) | <0.001 |
| Gender | |||
| Male | 438 (55.4%) | 668 (53.8%) | 0.483 |
| Female | 353 (44.6%) | 574 (46.2%) | |
| Reason for insertion | |||
| Long-term IV fluid therapy | 715 (90.4%) | 1,100 (88.6%) | 0.027 |
| Long-term IV medication therapy | 27 (3.4%) | 27 (2.2%) | |
| Hypoglycemia | 15 (1.9%) | 43 (3.5%) | |
| Difficult IV insertion | 34 (4.3%) | 72 (5.8%) | |
| Number of catheter lumens | |||
| Single lumen | 791 (100.0%) | 1,171 (94.3%) | <0.001 |
| Double lumen | 0 (0.0%) | 71 (5.7%) | |
| Insertion technique | |||
| MST | 694 (88.1%) | 409 (52.6%) | <0.001 |
| MicroFlash | 53 (6.7%) | 303 (38.9%) | |
| Split steel needle | 41 (5.2%) | 66 (8.5%) | |
| No. of attempts/pricks | |||
| 1 | 523 (66.1%) | 767 (61.8%) | 0.021 |
| 2 | 174 (22.0%) | 265 (21.3%) | |
| 3 | 78 (9.9%) | 175 (14.1%) | |
| ≥4 | 16 (2.0%) | 35 (2.8%) | |
| Site of insertion | |||
| Lower extremities | 679 (85.8%) | 860 (69.3%) | <0.001 |
| Upper extremities | 112 (14.2%) | 381 (30.7%) | |
| Side of the body | |||
| Right | 566 (71.6%) | 759 (61.1%) | <0.001 |
| Left | 225 (28.4%) | 483 (38.9%) | |
| Successful insertion | |||
| No | 72 (9.1%) | 146 (11.8%) | 0.059 |
| Yes | 719 (90.9%) | 1,096 (88.2%) | |
| Glue applied | |||
| No | 84 (11.7%) | 867 (79.0%) | <0.001 |
| Yes | 635 (88.3%) | 231 (21.0%) | |
| Type of preflush | |||
| Normal saline | 370 (46.8%) | 1,184 (95.4%) | <0.001 |
| Lipid emulsion | 421 (53.2%) | 57 (4.6%) | |
| Resistance during the guidewire removal | |||
| No | 487 (86.7%) | 115 (79.9%) | 0.040 |
| Yes | 75 (13.3%) | 29 (20.1%) | |
| Reason for removal | |||
| Elective removal | 637 (88.6%) | 812 (74.0%) | <0.001 |
| Accidental removal | 2 (0.3%) | 6 (0.5%) | 0.398 |
| Broken catheter | 6 (0.8%) | 8 (0.7%) | 0.802 |
| Leaking | 7 (1%) | 21 (1.9%) | 0.112 |
| Extravasation/infiltration | 3 (0.4%) | 40 (3.6%) | <0.001 |
| Malposition | 7 (1%) | 15 (1.4%) | 0.453 |
| Occlusion | 10 (1.4%) | 32 (2.9%) | 0.034 |
| Phlebitis | 6 (0.8%) | 49 (4.5%) | <0.001 |
| CLABSI | 14 (1.9%) | 29 (2.6%) | 0.340 |
| Preventive | 21 (2.9%) | 57 (5.2%) | 0.019 |
| Death | 6 (0.8%) | 28 (2.6%) | 0.008 |
| CLABSI | |||
| No | 777 (98.2%) | 1,213 (97.7%) | 0.388 |
| Yes | 14 (1.8%) | 29 (2.3%) | |
| Group of the CLABSI causative organism | |||
| Gram-positive organism | 4 (28.6%) | 8 (27.6%) | 0.946 |
| Gram-negative organism | 10 (71.4%) | 21 (72.4%) | |
| The subgroup of the CLABSI causative organisms | |||
| Gram-positive cocci | 4 (28.6%) | 7 (24.1%) | 0.757 |
| Gram-positive bacilli | 0 (0%) | 1 (3.4%) | |
| Gram-negative bacilli | 10 (71.4%) | 21 (72.4%) | |
CLABSI, central line-associated bloodstream infection; MST, modified Seldinger technique; IQR, interquartile range.
Yates corrected Chi-square test was applied in case of small cell frequencies (50% or more cells have expected frequencies <5), whereas the quantitative outcome measures were compared using a t-test or nonparametric Mann–Whitney U-test as appropriate.
All the percentage values were computed using nonmissing values.