Table 3.

Risk factors of musculoskeletal pain in medical and dental students.

	Neck pain			Low back pain			Joint pain
	Univariable analysis (P-value)	Multivariable analysis (P-value)	ORa (95% CIb)	Univariable analysis (P-value)	Multivariable analysis (P-value)	OR (95% CI)	Univariable analysis (P-value)	Multivariable analysis (P-value)	OR (95% CI)
Age	0.01	0.62	1.045 (0.878–1.244)	0.10			0.03	0.09	0.922 (0.839–1.013)
Gender	<0.001	<0.001	1.552 (1.221–1.973)	<0.001	0.002	1.499 (1.154–1.946)	0.02	0.005	1.665 (1.169–2.373)
BMI	0.82			0.59			0.82
Ethnicity	0.23			0.20			0.72
Drinking	0.89			0.78			<0.001	<0.001
Non-drinker									1
Mild drinker								0.01	2.303 (1.183–4.484)
Moderate drinker								<0.001	2.775 (1.576–4.885)
Heavy drinker								0.002	2.722 (1.452–5.100)
Severe drinker								N/AC	N/A
Smoking history	0.28			0.07			0.20
PSS-10 score	<0.001	0.002	1.034 (1.012–1.056)	<0.001	<0.001	1.061 (1.034–1.089)	<0.001	<0.001	1.070 (1.033–1.108)
Major	0.009	0.02	1.148 (1.018–1.296)	0.02	0.04	1.143 (1.004–1.302)	<0.001	0.008	1.251 (1.061–1.475)
Grade	0.02	0.20		<0.001	<0.001		0.08
1			1			1
2		0.047	1.521 (1.005–2.303)		<0.001	2.180 (1.427–3.332)
3		0.37	1.293 (0.734–2.279)		0.002	1.942 (1.263–2.985)
4		0.15	1.673 (0.826–3.390)		<0.001	2.643 (1.730–4.039)
5		0.47	1.370 (0.582–3.228)		<0.001	2.266 (1.472–3.489)
Lifestyle
Exercise	0.68			0.75			0.81
Sleep	0.34			0.47			0.30
Study	0.40			0.14			0.79
Sit	0.23			0.19			0.41
Walk	0.70			0.76			0.77
Computer usage	0.08			0.32			0.32
Phone usage	0.10			0.99			0.29

^aOR, odds ratio.

^bCI,: Confidence interval.

^cN/A, Not available.