Table 2. Fleet-Aggregated Fuel Consumption, nvPM Emissions, and Contrail Statistics in the North Atlantic for 2019, Where Flights are Powered by Conventional Kerosene Fuel (Baseline), and SAF with Different Blending Ratios.
| 2019 North
Atlantic |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| fleet-aggregated emissions and contrail properties | baselinea | SAF1 | SAF10 | SAF30 | SAF50 | SAF70 | SAF100 | (%) change: SAF100 vs baseline |
| total fuel burn (×109 kg) | 8.922 | 8.920 | 8.903 | 8.865 | 8.828 | 8.791 | 8.736 | –2.1 |
| fuel burn per distance (kg km–1) | 7.538 | 7.536 | 7.522 | 7.490 | 7.459 | 7.428 | 7.381 | –2.1 |
| total CO2 emissions (×109 kg)c | 28.2 | 27.9/28.2 | 25.5/27.8 | 20.2/27.2 | 14.8/26.5 | 9.53/25.8 | 1.66/24.8 | –94.1/–11.9 |
| CO2 EF (×1018 J)c | 42.0 | 41.6/41.9 | 38.0/41.5 | 30.1/40.5 | 22.1/39.5 | 14.2/38.5 | 2.47/37.0 | –94.1/–11.9 |
| mean nvPM EIn(×1015 kg–1) | 0.94 | 0.93 | 0.86 | 0.70 | 0.59 | 0.52 | 0.46 | –51.5 |
| flights forming persistent contrails (%) | 54.58 | 54.60 | 54.70 | 54.89 | 55.08 | 55.25 | 55.49 | 1.7 |
| flight distance forming persistent contrails (%) | 16.21 | 16.22 | 16.30 | 16.47 | 16.63 | 16.79 | 17.01 | 5.0 |
| persistent contrail distance (×108 km) | 1.919 | 1.920 | 1.929 | 1.949 | 1.968 | 1.987 | 2.014 | 5.0 |
| lifetime-mean ice particle number per contrail length (nice) (×1012 km–1) | 3.19 | 3.14 | 2.89 | 2.32 | 1.92 | 1.65 | 1.43 | –55.1 |
| lifetime-mean ice particle volume-mean radius (rice) (μm) | 7.24 | 7.30 | 7.47 | 7.92 | 8.35 | 8.71 | 9.09 | 25.5 |
| mean contrail age (h) | 3.52 | 3.53 | 3.47 | 3.33 | 3.19 | 3.09 | 2.97 | –15.4 |
| contrail optical depth (τcontrail) | 0.122 | 0.121 | 0.118 | 0.111 | 0.104 | 0.099 | 0.095 | –22.0 |
| contrail cirrus coverage with (τcontrail > 0.1) (%) | 0.473 | 0.471 | 0.448 | 0.392 | 0.345 | 0.311 | 0.278 | –41.2 |
| number of flights: warming contrails | 208,965 | 209,083 | 209,781 | 211,516 | 212,913 | 214,067 | 215,473 | 3.1 |
| number of flights: cooling contrails | 51,889 | 51,880 | 51,620 | 50,829 | 50,321 | 49,975 | 49,717 | –4.2 |
| proportion of flights with warming contrails (%) | 80.11 | 80.12 | 80.3 | 80.6 | 80.9 | 81.1 | 81.3 | 1.4 |
| mean SW RF′ (W m–2) | –3.220 | –3.210 | –3.134 | –2.936 | –2.768 | –2.641 | –2.519 | –21.8 |
| mean LW RF′ (W m–2) | 4.647 | 4.637 | 4.560 | 4.357 | 4.174 | 4.032 | 3.890 | –16.3 |
| mean net RF′ (W m–2)b | 1.4271 | 1.4266 | 1.4263 | 1.4201 | 1.4065 | 1.3918 | 1.3715 | –3.9 |
| annual mean SW RF (mW m–2) | –236 | –235 | –221 | –187 | –161 | –143 | –126 | –46.5 |
| annual mean LW RF (mW m–2) | 471 | 469 | 442 | 377 | 327 | 291 | 259 | –45.0 |
| annual mean net RF (mW m–2) | 235 | 234 | 221 | 190 | 166 | 149 | 133 | –43.5 |
| EFcontrail(×1018 J) | 62.7 | 62.4 | 58.8 | 50.3 | 43.6 | 38.9 | 34.6 | –44.8 |
| EFcontrail per flight distance (×108 J m–1) | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.50 | 0.42 | 0.37 | 0.33 | 0.29 | –44.8 |
| EFcontrail per contrail length (×108 J m–1) | 3.27 | 3.25 | 3.05 | 2.58 | 2.21 | 1.96 | 1.72 | –47.4 |
| EFtotal: CO2 + contrails(×1018 J)c | 104.7 | 103.9/104.3 | 96.8/100.3 | 80.3/90.7 | 65.7/83.0 | 53.1/77.4 | 37.1/71.6 | –64.6/–31.6 |
a
Results for the baseline simulation, where flights are powered by conventional kerosene fuel, are obtained in Teoh et al.41
b
Five significant figures to allow for the identification of differences in values.
c
The two values arise from assumptions on the lower and upper bound of the CO2 life cycle emissions from SAF.